A little about birds Birds (lat. Aves) are a class of feathered, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates, whose forelimbs are wing-shaped. Initially, the structure of birds is adapted for flight, although at present there are many species of flightless birds. Another distinguishing feature of birds is the presence of a beak. Today, more than 9800 different species live on Earth (in Russia there are 600 species; V. M. Loskot, 1992), which makes them the most diverse group of the tetrapod superclass. Birds are distributed on all continents and in all ecosystems from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Most paleontologists believe that birds evolved from theropods, carnivorous dinosaurs in the Jurassic about a million years ago (and can be considered the only clade (group of organisms that share a common ancestor) of dinosaurs that survived the catastrophe of the Cretaceous about 65.5 million years ago). The characteristics of modern birds are a light and strong skeleton, a four-chambered heart, plumage (or feather cover), a beak without teeth, and an intensive metabolism. In addition, all birds lay eggs, which is different from the vast majority of mammals. Poultry farming, or poultry farming, is one of the main branches of the national economy, producing meat, eggs and fat necessary for humans, as well as feathers as stuffing material. Birds (lat. Aves) are a class of feathered, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates whose forelimbs are wing-shaped. Initially, the structure of birds is adapted for flight, although at present there are many species of flightless birds. Another distinguishing feature of birds is the presence of a beak. Today, more than 9800 different species live on Earth (in Russia there are 600 species; V. M. Loskot, 1992), which makes them the most diverse group of the tetrapod superclass. Birds are distributed on all continents and in all ecosystems from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Most paleontologists believe that birds evolved from theropods, carnivorous dinosaurs in the Jurassic about a million years ago (and can be considered the only clade (group of organisms that share a common ancestor) of dinosaurs that survived the catastrophe of the Cretaceous about 65.5 million years ago). The characteristics of modern birds are a light and strong skeleton, a four-chambered heart, plumage (or feather cover), a beak without teeth, and an intensive metabolism. In addition, all birds lay eggs, which is different from the vast majority of mammals. Poultry farming, or poultry farming, is one of the main branches of the national economy, producing meat, eggs and fat necessary for humans, as well as feathers as stuffing material. lat. a class of feathered warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate flightless birds beak 600 species VM Loskot in tetrapod ecosystems the development of theropods in the Jurassic period catastrophe the metabolism of mammals Poultry farming lat. a class of feathered warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate flightless birds beak 600 species

Diversity of birds Birds are one of the most peculiar groups of animals. Zoologists consider them so different from other vertebrates that they are classified as a separate class - along with amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The plumage, characteristic appearance, wings and hard shell of eggs clearly separate this group from all other animals. Birds are remarkably varied in appearance, making them, like butterflies, attractive to collectors. The lists compiled by bird watchers, which list the species they have encountered, have become an international symbol of amateur naturalists.

The evolution of birds The most common hypothesis is that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs from the maniraptor group, which includes, among others, dromaeosaurs and oviraptors. As scientists discover more fossils of flightless theropods that are nonetheless related to birds, the exact line between birds and non-birds is becoming blurred. If earlier one of the defining features of birds was the presence of feathers, then a series of discoveries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries in Liaoning province in northeast China shows that many small theropods had feathers, contributing to this uncertainty. However, a group of scientists from the University of Oregon (USA) showed that some features of the respiratory system of birds do not allow us to state with certainty that theropod dinosaurs were their ancestors, since the immobility of the bird's thigh ultimately determines its ability to fly, and the femurs of dinosaurs are mobile. In addition, the age of some of the discovered remains of birds exceeds the age of the remains of dinosaurs, their theoretical ancestors. In recent years, a consensus has been reached among paleontologists that the closest relatives of birds are deinonychosauria (Deinonychosauria, "lizards with terrible claws"), an infraorder that includes the families of dromaeosaurs (Dromaeosauridae) and troodontids (Troodontidae). Together, these three categories were combined into a single group, called Paraves. The central place in the dromaeosaur family was occupied by microraptors (Microraptor gui), four-winged small predators capable of flying or gliding. The fact that most of the major Deinonychosaurs were very small suggested that the ancestor of all flying creatures was arboreal and moved from one place to another by gliding. The most common hypothesis is that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs from the maniraptor group, which includes, among other things, dromaeosaurs and oviraptors. As scientists discover more fossils of flightless theropods that are nonetheless related to birds, the exact line between birds and non-birds is becoming blurred. If earlier one of the defining features of birds was the presence of feathers, then a series of discoveries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries in Liaoning province in northeast China shows that many small theropods had feathers, contributing to this uncertainty. However, a group of scientists from the University of Oregon (USA) showed that some features of the respiratory system of birds do not allow us to state with certainty that theropod dinosaurs were their ancestors, since the immobility of the bird's thigh ultimately determines its ability to fly, and the femurs of dinosaurs are mobile. In addition, the age of some of the discovered remains of birds exceeds the age of the remains of dinosaurs, their theoretical ancestors. In recent years, a consensus has been reached among paleontologists that the closest relatives of birds are deinonychosauria (Deinonychosauria, "lizards with terrible claws"), an infraorder that includes the families of dromaeosaurs (Dromaeosauridae) and troodontids (Troodontidae). Together, these three categories were combined into a single group, called Paraves. The central place in the dromaeosaur family was occupied by microraptors (Microraptor gui), four-winged small predators capable of flying or gliding. The fact that most of the major Deinonychosaurs were very small suggested that the ancestor of all flying creatures was arboreal and moved from one place to another by gliding. theropod dromaeosaurs liaoning paleontologists microraptors theropod dromaeosaurus

The external structure of birds The body of a bird consists of a head, neck, torso, fore and hind limbs and tail. On the head are the oral cavity and sensory organs. The jaws end with horny covers that form a beak. The body of a bird consists of a head, neck, torso, fore and hind limbs and tail. On the head are the oral cavity and sensory organs. The jaws end with horny covers that form a beak. The neck is highly mobile. The body is a support for the strong attachment of the wings. The tail of birds is greatly shortened and performs a steering function. Thin two-layer skin is devoid of sweat glands and covered with down and feathers. Feathers are divided into fly and tail feathers that serve for flight and integumentary feathers that dress the body. Flight and tail feathers are large and hard, integumentary (contour and down) - small and soft. The neck is highly mobile. The body is a support for the strong attachment of the wings. The tail of birds is greatly shortened and performs a steering function. Thin two-layer skin is devoid of sweat glands and covered with down and feathers. Feathers are divided into fly and tail feathers that serve for flight and integumentary feathers that dress the body. Flight and tail feathers are large and hard, integumentary (contour and down) - small and soft. The feather consists of a core, a core and a fan (down feathers do not have a core). The fan consists of beards diverging from the rod in two directions, from which, in turn, other beards depart. Hooks on the barbs hold them together to form the surface of the feather. The feather consists of a core, a core and a fan (down feathers do not have a core). The fan consists of beards diverging from the rod in two directions, from which, in turn, other beards depart. Hooks on the barbs hold them together to form the surface of the feather. Feathers in birds grow on separate areas of the skin, separated by bare areas. The color of feathers depends on the pigments and on the microstructure of the feather; in many birds it changes throughout the year. The plumage and horn covers of birds are completely or partially renewed once a year. Feathers in birds grow on separate areas of the skin, separated by bare areas. The color of feathers depends on the pigments and on the microstructure of the feather; in many birds it changes throughout the year. The plumage and horn covers of birds are completely or partially renewed once a year. At the base of the tail there is a single external gland - the coccygeal gland. With its secretions, the bird lubricates its feathers, which due to this do not get wet and become elastic and elastic. At the base of the tail there is a single external gland - the coccygeal gland. With its secretions, the bird lubricates its feathers, which due to this do not get wet and become elastic and elastic. Feathers keep the bird's body in the air and help maintain a constant body temperature. Feathers keep the bird's body in the air and help maintain a constant body temperature.

Digestive system of birds The digestive system of birds has its own characteristics. All modern birds have no teeth, they make their heads too heavy, and a “heavy” head is difficult to carry in flight. The beak and oral cavity of birds are intended solely for mastering the food, as well as its transmission to the esophagus and further to the stomach. To compensate for the lack of teeth, the birds had to divide the stomach into two sections, which over time became so different that, in fact, the birds were the only ones among all vertebrates who acquired two stomachs at their disposal. The esophagus is a long tube that leads from the mouth to the first stomach. The walls of the esophagus do not secrete any digestive juices; it is intended solely for transporting food to the stomach, and also quite often for its temporary storage. In some species of birds, such as pigeons or partridges, food accumulates in the goiter, a voluminous and elastic expansion of the esophagus, before entering the stomach. Other birds do not have a goiter, but food can be stored and even carried over a long distance right in the esophagus. Birds swallow unchewed food, and its processing begins directly in the stomach. From the esophagus, food enters the glandular stomach. Its walls secrete a strong acid in abundance and some enzymes that start the process of digestion of food, which soon passes into the second stomach. It is a cavity formed by extremely strong and durable muscular walls. Particularly powerful are the walls of the second stomach in granivorous birds that feed on rough and solid food. Working on the principle of millstones, the walls of the muscular stomach, contracting vigorously, grind and grind food, preparing it for further digestion. A case is known when the stomach of a turkey in just three hours managed in this way with two dozen walnuts, and in a completely whole shell. The process of grinding food is facilitated by the presence of gastroliths, small pebbles or grains of sand, which birds swallow specifically for this purpose. On the contrary, in birds that consume delicate food, nectar or fruit pulp, there is actually no muscular stomach, for example, in tropical American tanager it is only a small protrusion on the wall of the glandular stomach. 1 - esophagus 2 - goiter 3 - glandular stomach 4 - liver 5 - muscular stomach 6 - duodenum 7 - pancreas 8 - bile ducts 9 - small intestine 10 - rectum 11 - caecum 12 - spleen

The circulatory system of birds The circulatory system is necessary to maintain the life of all birds, both flying and non-flying. The heart of a bird works like a pump, pumping blood throughout the body and supplying its cells with oxygen. The heart of birds in its structure resembles the heart of mammals, although it is asymmetrical: its left half is more developed than the right, since it performs a greater amount of work. Birds' hearts beat faster than mammals of approximately the same size. So, in a motionless canary, the pulse rate can reach 1000 beats per minute. During the flight, the pulse rate in birds increases even more, and after landing, it gradually returns to normal. The circulatory system is necessary to maintain the life of all birds, both flying and non-flying. The heart of a bird works like a pump, pumping blood throughout the body and supplying its cells with oxygen. The heart of birds in its structure resembles the heart of mammals, although it is asymmetrical: its left half is more developed than the right, since it performs a greater amount of work. Birds' hearts beat faster than mammals of approximately the same size. So, in a motionless canary, the pulse rate can reach 1000 beats per minute. During the flight, the pulse rate in birds increases even more, and after landing, it gradually returns to normal. The body temperature of all bird species is approximately the same and very constant. In most birds, it is equal to an average of 42.5C. In small passerines, it can reach 45.5C. Fluctuations are possible only in a narrow range from 39.2°C to 43.5°C. With all the undoubted advantages that their warm-bloodedness provides to birds, which allows them to overcome any vicissitudes of the climate, it should be noted that it is very expensive. After all, the warm body of a bird continuously cools down, and the faster, the higher the difference between the physiologically best tissue temperature for birds and the external temperature surrounding them. This difference must be constantly compensated by spending additional energy on continuous heating of the body. The body temperature of all bird species is approximately the same and very constant. In most birds, it is equal to an average of 42.5C. In small passerines, it can reach 45.5C. Fluctuations are possible only in a narrow range from 39.2°C to 43.5°C. With all the undoubted advantages that their warm-bloodedness provides to birds, which allows them to overcome any vicissitudes of the climate, it should be noted that it is very expensive. After all, the warm body of a bird continuously cools down, and the faster, the higher the difference between the physiologically best tissue temperature for birds and the external temperature surrounding them. This difference must be constantly compensated by spending additional energy on continuous heating of the body. 1st left ventricle 2nd right ventricle 3rd left atrium 4th right atrium

The nervous system of birds In birds, the relationship between the structure of the brain and the sense organs and their functions is clearly traced. The relatively insignificant role of smell in the life of birds is directly dependent on the small size of the olfactory lobes of the brain. The perfection of the organs of vision is due to the increased size of the visual tubercles of the well-developed midbrain. The complex and varied movements during flight and the perfection of bird orientation are due to the increased development of the cerebellum. In birds, the relationship between the structure of the brain and the sense organs and their functions is clearly traced. The relatively insignificant role of smell in the life of birds is directly dependent on the small size of the olfactory lobes of the brain. The perfection of the organs of vision is due to the increased size of the visual tubercles of the well-developed midbrain. The complex and varied movements during flight and the perfection of bird orientation are due to the increased development of the cerebellum. The nervous system plays a leading role in all life processes of any organism. The nervous system communicates the body with the environment. All irritations coming from the outside are perceived by it through the senses. In response to these irritations, the functions of various organs change, the body adapts to the environment. Sufficiently strong irritation in any part of the nervous system usually causes numerous reflexes that determine the reaction of the body as a whole. A reflex is a response of the body to irritation of nerve receptors (endings) located both on the surface of the body and inside it, carried out through the central nervous system. Reflexes are divided into conditional and unconditional. Acquired reflexes are called conditioned, they can occur throughout the life of a bird. In parrots, the development of conditioned reflexes occurs quite quickly, this can be confirmed by the ease with which they can be trained, etc. Unconditioned reflexes are those that are innate and are inherited. The unconditioned reflexes include the sexual reflex, the defensive reflex, and many others. Conditioned reflexes are strictly individual and unstable, i.e., they can disappear without a systematic stimulus and reappear. Sometimes, under the influence of extreme stimuli, a state of general tension of the body, called stress, can occur. Stress can have both positive and negative effects on the bird's body, up to its complete disorganization. The nervous system plays a leading role in all life processes of any organism. The nervous system communicates the body with the environment. All irritations coming from the outside are perceived by it through the senses. In response to these irritations, the functions of various organs change, the body adapts to the environment. Sufficiently strong irritation in any part of the nervous system usually causes numerous reflexes that determine the reaction of the body as a whole. A reflex is a response of the body to irritation of nerve receptors (endings) located both on the surface of the body and inside it, carried out through the central nervous system. Reflexes are divided into conditional and unconditional. Acquired reflexes are called conditioned, they can occur throughout the life of a bird. In parrots, the development of conditioned reflexes occurs quite quickly, this can be confirmed by the ease with which they can be trained, etc. Unconditioned reflexes are those that are innate and are inherited. The unconditioned reflexes include the sexual reflex, the defensive reflex, and many others. Conditioned reflexes are strictly individual and unstable, i.e., they can disappear without a systematic stimulus and reappear. Sometimes, under the influence of extreme stimuli, a state of general tension of the body, called stress, can occur. Stress can have both positive and negative effects on the bird's body, up to its complete disorganization. 1-forebrain 2-midbrain 3-cerebellum 4-midbrain

The reproductive system of birds Male birds have two testicles located inside the body. The spermatozoa travel down the vas deferens into the cloaca and out of the body. Fertilization occurs when, during mating, the openings of the cloaca of the male and female come into contact. Male birds do not have an organ that penetrates the body of the female, although some groups, such as waterfowl, may have a primitive organ that facilitates the transfer of seed. In female birds, only the left ovary and oviduct usually function. The eggs travel down the reproductive tract from the ovary. The sperm travels along this path and fertilizes the egg at the very beginning of the process. As a rule, one mating is enough to obtain one clutch of eggs. Sometimes sperm cells can remain viable in the body of the female for up to three weeks after mating. Male birds have two testicles located inside the body. The spermatozoa travel down the vas deferens into the cloaca and out of the body. Fertilization occurs when, during mating, the openings of the cloaca of the male and female come into contact. Male birds do not have an organ that penetrates the body of the female, although some groups, such as waterfowl, may have a primitive organ that facilitates the transfer of seed. In female birds, only the left ovary and oviduct usually function. The eggs travel down the reproductive tract from the ovary. The sperm travels along this path and fertilizes the egg at the very beginning of the process. As a rule, one mating is enough to obtain one clutch of eggs. Sometimes sperm cells can remain viable in the body of the female for up to three weeks after mating. 1 - testicles 2 - kidneys 3 - vas deferens 4 - cloaca 5 - eggs 6 - funnel 7 - oviduct 8 - isthmus 9 - egg with shell 10 - cloaca

The excretory system of birds Birds have rather large kidneys. Paired ureters depart from them, opening into the cloaca. Urine does not accumulate in the excretory organs, but is immediately expelled from the cloaca. Birds have rather large kidneys. Paired ureters depart from them, opening into the cloaca. Urine does not accumulate in the excretory organs, but is immediately expelled from the cloaca. Why don't birds have a bladder? Everything that hinders the bird in flight, nature prudently removed. Including the bladder. There is no need for a bird to accumulate urine in the body, which would add weight to it, which interferes with flight. Therefore, urine in birds does not linger in the body, but is immediately removed outside. Why don't birds have a bladder? Everything that hinders the bird in flight, nature prudently removed. Including the bladder. There is no need for a bird to accumulate urine in the body, which would add weight to it, which interferes with flight. Therefore, urine in birds does not linger in the body, but is immediately removed outside. 1-kidney 2-ureter 3-cloaca

Bird Eggs Different species of birds have different egg shapes, which depend on the place where the bird usually lays its eggs. Birds that nest in pits or holes have round eggs. Birds nesting on rock ledges, cornices, etc. have oblong eggs. Different types of birds have different egg shapes, which depend on the place where this type of bird usually lays its eggs. Birds that nest in pits or holes have round eggs. Birds nesting on rock ledges, cornices, etc. have oblong eggs. According to tradition, the largest egg is the egg of the African ostrich. However, if we compare the relative weight compared to the size of the bird itself, then the weight of an ostrich egg is only 1% of the total weight of an ostrich. But the tiniest bird in the world, the bee hummingbird, lays eggs the size of a pea, but this is 6% of the weight of a female hummingbird. According to tradition, the largest egg is the egg of the African ostrich. However, if we compare the relative weight compared to the size of the bird itself, then the weight of an ostrich egg is only 1% of the total weight of an ostrich. But the tiniest bird in the world, the bee hummingbird, lays eggs the size of a pea, but this is 6% of the weight of a female hummingbird. The size of bird eggs depends not only on the size of the bird itself, but also on the lifestyle of these birds. For example, waterfowl have larger eggs than other birds of the same size, because their chicks hatch already developed enough to move and feed on their own. [Bird eggs are colored by pigments even in the female genital tract. The color of bird eggs correlates with the place and manner of nesting. In birds that arrange nests in places closed from prying eyes, eggs, as a rule, are light. Eggs laid openly are most often camouflaged. The laid egg has a dense outer shell - a calcareous shell, covered with a thin cuticular suprashell membrane, which protects the egg from penetration into it through the pores in the shell of various microorganisms. Under the shell are two thin parchment-like shell shells that envelop the protein. At the blunt end of the egg, the shell membranes are stratified, forming an air chamber. Next is a thick protein shell covering the spherical yolk. At the animal pole of the yolk is the germinal disc. From the inner shell membrane to the yolk, there are bundles of dense chalase protein. The yolk, which freely rotates on the chalazes, at any position of the egg, always ensures the position of the germinal disc at the top. All shells are formed when the egg passes through the oviduct. The yolk contains the main supply of nutrients that go to the formation of embryonic tissues, to ensure its basic energy costs and partly the need for water. The protein shell is the main source of water necessary for the embryo and only partly an additional reserve of energy substances. The size of bird eggs depends not only on the size of the bird itself, but also on the lifestyle of these birds. For example, waterfowl have larger eggs than other birds of the same size, because their chicks hatch already developed enough to move and feed on their own. [Bird eggs are colored by pigments even in the female genital tract. The color of bird eggs correlates with the place and manner of nesting. In birds that arrange nests in places closed from prying eyes, eggs, as a rule, are light. Eggs laid openly are most often camouflaged. The laid egg has a dense outer shell - a calcareous shell, covered with a thin cuticular suprashell membrane, which protects the egg from penetration into it through the pores in the shell of various microorganisms. Under the shell are two thin parchment-like shell shells that envelop the protein. At the blunt end of the egg, the shell membranes are stratified, forming an air chamber. Next is a thick protein shell covering the spherical yolk. At the animal pole of the yolk is the germinal disc. From the inner shell membrane to the yolk, there are bundles of dense chalase protein. The yolk, which freely rotates on the chalazes, at any position of the egg, always ensures the position of the germinal disc at the top. All shells are formed when the egg passes through the oviduct. The yolk contains the main supply of nutrients that go to the formation of embryonic tissues, to ensure its basic energy costs and partly the need for water. The protein shell is the main source of water necessary for the embryo and only partly an additional reserve of energy substances.

Interesting facts about birds The black swift can stay in the air for 2-4 years. During all this time, he sleeps, drinks, eats and even mates on the fly. A fledgling swift flies probably miles before landing for the first time. The black swift can stay in the air for 2-4 years. During all this time, he sleeps, drinks, eats and even mates on the fly. A fledgling swift flies probably miles before landing for the first time. The smallest bird is the bee hummingbird. Male hummingbirds, a bee that lives in Cuba and on the island of Pinos, weigh 1.6 g, and their length is 5.7 cm. Tail and beak make up half the length. The females are somewhat larger. The smallest bird is the bee hummingbird. Male hummingbirds, a bee that lives in Cuba and on the island of Pinos, weigh 1.6 g, and their length is 5.7 cm. Tail and beak make up half the length. The females are somewhat larger. The Common Tern left its lakeside nest in Finland around 15 August 1996 and was caught on 24 January 1997 near lakes in Gippsland, NY. Victoria, Australia. She flew miles. The Common Tern left its lakeside nest in Finland around 15 August 1996 and was caught on 24 January 1997 near lakes in Gippsland, NY. Victoria, Australia. She flew miles. Observations seem to confirm that the peregrine falcon is capable of reaching a top speed of up to 200 km/h when it charges down from a great height like a stone, defending its territory or preying on birds in the air. Observations seem to confirm that the peregrine falcon is capable of reaching a top speed of up to 200 km/h when it charges down from a great height like a stone, defending its territory or preying on birds in the air. The gentoo penguin can swim at speeds up to 27 km/h. The gentoo penguin can swim at speeds up to 27 km/h. A Siberian white crane named Wolfe, kept at the International Crane Conservation Foundation, located in Baraboo, pc. Wisconsin, USA, reportedly lived to be 82 years old. The bird died in late 1988 after breaking its beak while chasing away a visitor. A Siberian white crane named Wolfe, kept at the International Crane Conservation Foundation, located in Baraboo, pc. Wisconsin, USA, reportedly lived to be 82 years old. The bird died in late 1988 after breaking its beak while chasing away a visitor.

Birds in human life From time immemorial, birds have fascinated people and served as a source of inspiration for artists, poets, musicians and dreamers who longed to get off the ground and rise into the blue sky. Observation of bird flight prompted the invention of the first heavier-than-air aircraft, and the study of bird flight continues to influence the development of modern aviation as aircraft designers continue to use the aerodynamic features of bird flight to create the latest intercontinental supersonic airliners. Birds have left a deep mark in the culture of the peoples of different countries of the world - this is confirmed, for example, by the legends about the Thunderbird that exist among the indigenous inhabitants of North America, or the legends about the phoenix bird, often mentioned in Egyptian mythology. In Europe, as elsewhere, birds play a special role in all kinds of folk festivals and beliefs. The robin is invariably associated with Christmas in many countries, and the return of the common cuckoo from wintering in Africa is eagerly awaited as one of the first signs of the approaching spring in almost all of Europe. Since time immemorial, birds have fascinated people and served as a source of inspiration for artists, poets, musicians and dreamers who longed to get off the ground and rise into the blue sky. Observation of bird flight prompted the invention of the first heavier-than-air aircraft, and the study of bird flight continues to influence the development of modern aviation as aircraft designers continue to use the aerodynamic features of bird flight to create the latest intercontinental supersonic airliners. Birds have left a deep mark in the culture of the peoples of different countries of the world - this is confirmed, for example, by the legends about the Thunderbird that exist among the indigenous inhabitants of North America, or the legends about the phoenix bird, often mentioned in Egyptian mythology. In Europe, as elsewhere, birds play a special role in all kinds of folk festivals and beliefs. The robin is invariably associated with Christmas in many countries, and the return of the common cuckoo from wintering in Africa is eagerly awaited as one of the first signs of the approaching spring in almost all of Europe. Birds amaze with the variety of their shapes and colors, their voices are woven into a bewitching symphony of wild nature with a life-affirming theme. Feathers are truly ubiquitous. They completely mastered the land, they obeyed the boundless ocean expanses. Nomadic birds can be found anywhere on our planet, with the exception of the inner regions of Antarctica buried under gigantic glaciers. Throughout the long history of the study of the organic world of the Earth, birds have attracted the greatest attention of scientists and therefore, in terms of the degree of their study, far surpassed all other groups of animals. Scientific interest in the mysteries of the world of birds has not faded to this day. Birds amaze with the variety of their shapes and colors, their voices are woven into a bewitching symphony of wild nature with a life-affirming theme. Feathers are truly ubiquitous. They completely mastered the land, they obeyed the boundless ocean expanses. Nomadic birds can be found anywhere on our planet, with the exception of the inner regions of Antarctica buried under gigantic glaciers. Throughout the long history of the study of the organic world of the Earth, birds have attracted the greatest attention of scientists and therefore, in terms of the degree of their study, far surpassed all other groups of animals. Scientific interest in the mysteries of the world of birds has not faded to this day.

Significance of birds in nature No bird can be absolutely harmful or beneficial. They also, like other animals, can be harmful or beneficial in certain circumstances and at certain times. For example, in the summer rooks feed on insects and their larvae (May beetle, turtle bug, caterpillars of the meadow moth and weevils, etc.). However, in spring they can peck out sown seeds of cereals and garden crops, and in autumn they spoil corn and sunflowers, melons and watermelons, etc. The pink starling is considered a very useful bird, because. its main food is locusts and other orthoptera, but in summer and autumn flocks of pink starlings can eat juicy fruits (cherries, mulberries, grapes) in gardens and this causes significant harm. The field sparrow and other granivorous birds feed on the seeds of cultivated plants, but they feed their chicks with insects, among which there are many pests. Cuckoos, feeding on forest pests, can suppress the outbreak of their reproduction, at the same time, laying eggs in the nests of insectivorous birds (warbler, pipit, redstart, wagtail, etc.), they cause the death of part of their broods. The goshawk, useful in the wild, like most predators, having settled near a settlement, can destroy poultry. All these examples indicate that the same bird in different conditions can be both useful and harmful. However, the vast majority can be considered useful. Birds such as diurnal predators, owls, and many passerines are especially valuable. Many birds are important for humans from an economic point of view, they include commercial and hunting species, numerous breeds of poultry. No bird can be absolutely harmful or beneficial. They also, like other animals, can be harmful or beneficial in certain circumstances and at certain times. For example, in the summer rooks feed on insects and their larvae (May beetle, turtle bug, caterpillars of the meadow moth and weevils, etc.). However, in spring they can peck out sown seeds of cereals and garden crops, and in autumn they spoil corn and sunflowers, melons and watermelons, etc. The pink starling is considered a very useful bird, because. its main food is locusts and other orthoptera, but in summer and autumn flocks of pink starlings can eat juicy fruits (cherries, mulberries, grapes) in gardens and this causes significant harm. The field sparrow and other granivorous birds feed on the seeds of cultivated plants, but they feed their chicks with insects, among which there are many pests. Cuckoos, feeding on forest pests, can suppress the outbreak of their reproduction, at the same time, laying eggs in the nests of insectivorous birds (warbler, pipit, redstart, wagtail, etc.), they cause the death of part of their broods. The goshawk, useful in the wild, like most predators, having settled near a settlement, can destroy poultry. All these examples indicate that the same bird in different conditions can be both useful and harmful. However, the vast majority can be considered useful. Birds such as diurnal predators, owls, and many passerines are especially valuable. Many birds are important for humans from an economic point of view, they include commercial and hunting species, numerous breeds of poultry. animals

Dear colleagues! I bring to your attention an educational presentation with interactive tasks for children of primary and secondary preschool age, which I developed when I planned the theme week “Birds are our friends”. The presentation “Such different birds” can be used in an ecology lesson, in joint and subgroup work with children.

Educational presentation "Such different birds" for children of primary preschool age

Presentation Tasks

1. Educational:

1. To expand the knowledge of children about birds, the ability to distinguish them, group them, describe the appearance of birds, their features, behavior;

2. Encourage children to engage in verbal interaction with peers and the teacher;

3. To consolidate the skill of using complex sentences with the preposition "because", to activate the use of adjectives and verbs in speech.

2. Developing: develop observation, visual perception and other mental processes, the ability to draw conclusions.
3. Educational: to educate in children a caring attitude towards birds.

Presentation progress

1. Motivation: a recording of "Voices of Birds" sounds. Guys, I think I hear beautiful sounds, listen. Who is it? These are birds. Birds are different, what do you know? Children's answers. Do you want to know more about the life of birds?
2. Discovery of new knowledge: Sit on the carpet, I will reveal to you some bird secrets.

Slide 2.

Spring is the time of the year when all nature wakes up from sleep, plants come to life and bird commotion begins. Here and there all the birds are working hard, chirping, jumping. What a pleasure to look at them!

Let's learn more about birds. All of them are similar to each other and thus differ from animals and fish.

Slide 3.

How are all birds similar to each other? (examination of the main parts of the bird's body).

slide 4.

Interactive task. Feathers of birds are very beautiful, different. Look how many feathers are here, everyone has a pair, but one does not. Which one?

Slide 5.

There are birds that live next to us all year round and delight us with their plumage in cold winters. These birds are wintering. You must have seen a titmouse, a crow and a dove.

slide 6.

And there are birds that fly away in winter to warm countries, and come back with the advent of spring. It is who sing beautiful songs to us. These include swallows, swans, starlings.

Slide 7.

Finger gymnastics "Birds".

• With the onset of spring, the birds arrive.
  
• Starlings are returning - hard workers and singers.
  (Fingers clenched into fists and unclenched)
• And the rooks by the puddle
  (palms open, connected by a cup)
• They circle in a noisy flock.
  (Circular movements of the hands)
• Cranes fly in a hurry
  (Fingers are spread, palms are crossed. The thumbs are connected, the rest are flapping like wings)
• And the robin and the thrush were busy making nests.
  (Fingers in palm lock open)

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slide 8.

In spring, all birds build nests for themselves. To do this, they collect twigs, fluff, grass.

slide 9.

The birds make the nest warm and comfortable for the eggs to hatch.

slide 10.

Interactive task: Treat the bird only with what it eats. Click on the picture with the mouse.

Slide 11.

Remember what all birds have. Think about why a bird needs wings, a tail, feathers, paws, a beak.
Say affectionately the names of the parts of the bird:
Wing - wings
head - head
Tail - ponytail
Paw - paw
Feather - feather

Name the chicks correctly:
The owl has owls, the cuckoo has cuckoos, the starling has starlings, the jackdaw has jackdaws, the crow has crows, the magpie has magpies, and the crane has cubs.

slide 12.

Is it a bird or not? Explain why? It is a cow, it is not a bird, because it has no wings, its body is not covered with feathers and it has no beak.

slide 13.

Is it a bird or not? Explain why? This is a bird. Her body is covered with feathers, there are wings, paws and a beak.

Kinesiology gymnastics "Owl".

Reflection: Ball game "What do I know about birds."

The presentation “Such different birds” came in handy during the Day of Birds at the preschool educational institution, within the framework of which events dedicated to birds were held in all groups, KVN and exhibitions of joint creativity were organized.

Babayan Arpine

The material about the features of the structure of birds, their diversity, interesting facts is colorfully presented. Birdwatching of the Izmailovsky forest park was carried out and conclusions were drawn.

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Moscow 2011 INFORMATION PROJECT

GOU SOSH No. 435, CAO PRESENTATION "INTERESTING ABOUT BIRDS" MOSCOW, 2011 Completed by: 7th grade student Babayan Arpine Supervisor: biology teacher Kotolevskaya I.R.

Work goals. The study of information about birds from different sources. Identification of structural features, habitat, diversity of birds. Bird watching: a) building nests; b) caring for offspring. Work conclusions. Creating a presentation. Book writing.

General characteristics of the class of birds. Birds are amazing creatures of nature, one of the most numerous classes among vertebrates, there are about 8600 species of them. They are flying, flightless and floating - their main distinguishing feature. feature: the forelimbs are wings, and the whole body is covered with feathers.

Feathers and limbs

Variety of birds. a) amazing plumage; b) flying; c) flightless; d) waterfowl; e) midgets and giants.

Variety of birds (plumage)

Variety of Birds (Plumage) The lyrebird is the nickname given to this bird because of its magnificent lyre-like tail. The bird is remarkable not only for its appearance, but also for its rich inner world. Lyrebird is famous for being able to imitate almost any sounds of nature.

Lilliputian birds The smallest bird on Earth is the bumblebee hummingbird. She is actually a little more than a bumblebee and weighs 1.6-1.8 grams. And the testicle is the size of a pea. Lives in South America.

Giant Birds The largest bird in the world is the African ostrich. In height, it is about 2.5-2.8 m and weighs about 80 kilograms. Strong legs have only 2 toes. When running, develops speed up to 120 km / h

The largest wings The wandering albatross has the largest wingspan of up to 3.5 meters, but it does not wave them like other birds, but soars in the wind.

Flightless Penguins are a type of flightless bird. But how they dive. They spend half their lives in the water.

My Observations To study the life of birds it is necessary to find a nest. They can be in the most unpredictable places: under the roof of houses, in thickets, bushes, in grass, an old stump, on top of a tree. Shape and material are different. The found nest must be described:

Place of Observations To determine the birds, a field guide of 2009 was used.

Nest description form. NEST _________________________________№___ Year, place:__________________________________ Biotype:______________________________________ Nest description: D =____ d =_____ H =____ h =_______ Material:_________________________exposure: Nest weight___________________________________ DateEggsChicksWeight, size of eggsNotes Fate of the nest:

The following birds and their nests were found and identified: Bird Route No. 1 Route No. 2 Route No. 3 Great Spotted Woodpecker + Lesser Spotted Woodpecker + Magpie + Mallard Duck + Gogol + Nuthatch +

Great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) NEST of the Great spotted woodpecker №1 Year, place: 2010, Izmaylovsky forest park Biotype: mixed forest, birch Description of the nest: H = 5m, notch diameter 8-10 cm Material: hollow on the birch Date 16/05/ 10 Nest Fate: Residential

Lesser Spotted Woodpecker NEST Lesser Spotted Woodpecker No. 2 Year, place: 05/15/10, Izmailovsky forest park Biotype: mixed forest, floodplain of the Serebryanka River Description: H = 3m, notch about 5 cm. Material: old, semi-dry aspen, hollow. tree in the floodplain of the Serebryanka river

Gogol (Buctphala clangula) Found in the area of ​​Decorative Pond Year, place: 18.0510, Izmaylovsky forest park Biotype: mixed forest, pond Description: H = 60-80cm,. Material: artificial structures Nest fate: residential

Mallard Duck Area of ​​the Ornamental Pond NEST Mallard Duck No. 4 Year, place: 2010, Izmailovsky forest park Biotype: mixed forest, pond Nest description: H = 80 cm, notch about 40 cm Material: artificial nest box

Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) A hollow linden tree. NEST: Nuthatch №5 Year, place: 22.0510, Izmailovsky forest park Biotype: mixed forest, old hollow linden tree Nest description: H = 3m, notch about 3-5cm Material: secondary hollow nest

Magpie (Pica pica) NEST: Magpie No. 6 Year, place: 2010, Izmailovsky forest park Biotype: mixed forest, thickets of willow Nest description: low above the ground, in willow thickets. Material: tree branches. Nest in the willow of the swamp.

Conclusions on observations: There are a large number of birds in the forest park. Most birds are hollow nesters or secondary hollow nesters. Bird habitats are being replaced by humans. In the habitats of birds, it is necessary to observe sanitary and hygienic standards. Many bird species need protection.

The meaning of birds. It is impossible to imagine our life without birds! They are the messengers of spring, they bring it to us along with their arrivals.

The meaning of birds. Birds are the protectors of our forests from bark beetles and gardens from leafworms and codling moths. They help us to keep the harvest.

The meaning of birds. Birds are beauty and joy! Their plumage is amazing. It is impossible to imagine our life without their amazing singing.

Work conclusions. Sufficient material on the chosen topic was collected and processed. This material can be used in biology lessons and extracurricular activities for the protection of animals, on the "Bird Day". This material helps to cultivate a humane, caring attitude towards all living things. This material helps to develop a taste and love for everything beautiful. Train the birds in the Frost To your window So that we don't have to meet spring without songs

Literature. Brave V.M. School atlas-identifier of birds: Book. For students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1988. I know the world. Birds: Children's Encyclopedia. /V.V. Ivanitsky. - M .: LLC "Publishing house AST", 2001. - 397p. Mikheev A.V. "Identifier of bird nests" - M., 1975 - 171s Tsvetkov A.V. "Observation of bird nests" - No. 22,1998-16s http://www.segodnya.ua/img/forall/a/100390/1.jpg http://www.ljplus.ru/img4/z/a /zakharchenka/pero_veselka_big.jpg http://www.zveryushka.ru/doska/doska_pict/2007/08/07/1186510970.jpg http://www.redbook.ru/74/images/pelikan_kudr_!_.gif http: //fotki.yandex.ru/users/imidgx/view/93887/?page=1 http://www.374.ru/images/2007-09/11/54_5.jpg

Wonderful pictures with migratory and wintering birds. Which birds stay wintering in their homeland, and which ones fly away?

Walking in a park or forest, we listen to the birds singing and often just don’t think about which bird trills so nicely. There are birds that live in our area all year round, but there are also those that fly to "warm lands" in the fall.

The fact is that in winter it is very difficult for birds to find food for themselves, because insects, berries and grains become scarce, and when snow falls, they are almost impossible to find at all. And different types of birds solve this problem in different ways: migratory birds fly hundreds and even thousands of kilometers to warmer countries, and sedentary ones adapt to our harsh winters.

Titmouse in the snow, which, apparently, wants to feast on seeds

Settled, wintering birds: list, photo with names

Feeders are hung up to help the birds that have stayed over the winter find food. And it is quite possible that they will be of interest to such visitors:

• Sparrow. Noisy sparrows that fly in flocks may well become the first visitors to the feeder.

• Tit. Tits are in many ways not inferior to sparrows, they quickly rush to feed in the feeders. But compared to sparrows, tits are endowed with a more meek disposition. It is interesting that in summer the titmouse eats almost as much food as it weighs itself. Often in the feeders you can observe mixed flocks, consisting of both sparrows and titmouse.

• gaichka. A close relative of the titmouse. However, the breast of the nut is not yellow, but light brown. Also, the tit differs from other tits in that it makes a hollow in a tree to make a nest in it.

Gaitka - a special type of tits

• Crow. Ravens are often confused with rooks. It is known that crows are very rare in the western part of Russia. Therefore, if you live in the European part of Russia and see a black bird making a shrill croak, then most likely you have a rook in front of you.

• Pigeon. The distribution and lifestyle of pigeons was largely influenced by people who simply brought them with them to different parts of the Earth. Now pigeons are found on all continents with the exception of Antarctica. Pigeons easily change the rocks that are their natural habitat for man-made structures.

The nodding gait of pigeons is due to the fact that it is easier for them to see the object of interest to them.

• Woodpecker. In the warm season, woodpeckers feed mainly on insects, which they get from under the bark of trees, and in the winter cold, they can also eat plant foods: seeds and nuts.

• Magpie. Magpie is considered a bird with high intelligence, it is able to express a lot of emotions, including sadness and knows how to recognize its reflection in the mirror. Interestingly, not only its brethren, but also other birds, as well as wild animals, in particular bears and wolves, react to the alarming cry of a magpie.

Magpie - winter bird

• Owl. Owls are different, large and small, in total there are more than 200 species. These birds are endowed with sharp eyesight and excellent hearing, which allows them to lead a nocturnal lifestyle. It is interesting that the tassels on the head of an owl are not ears, the real ears of owls are hidden in feathers, and one of them is directed upwards, and the other downwards, in order to better hear what is happening above the head and on the ground.

Owl - nocturnal bird

• This bird is also considered an owl and is a close relative of other owls.

• A rare owl that lives mainly in mountainous areas in northern latitudes. The name of the bird according to different versions means "inedible" or "insatiable".

• Jackdaw. Outwardly, jackdaws look like rooks and crows, moreover, there are mixed flocks in which you can see all three types of birds. However, the jackdaw is smaller than the crow. And if you are lucky enough to watch a jackdaw up close, you can easily recognize it by the gray color of some of the feathers.

• Nuthatch. This little bird climbs tree trunks very dexterously. In summer, nuthatches hide seeds and nuts in the bark, and in winter they feed on these supplies.

• Crossbill. Like the nuthatch, this bird is an excellent tree climber and can hang upside down on branches. Crossbill's favorite food is seeds from spruce and pine cones. This bird is remarkable in that it can breed chicks even in winter, but only if there is enough food.

• Bullfinch. Only males have bright red plumage on the chest, females look much more modest. Bullfinches are more often seen in winter, because due to lack of food, they are drawn to people. In summer, bullfinches prefer wooded areas and behave inconspicuously, so it is not easy to see them.

• waxwing. A bird with beautiful plumage and a singing voice. In summer it feeds mainly on insects and likes to settle in coniferous forests. In winter, the waxwing moves to the more southern regions of the country; it is often found in cities. In the cold season, mountain ash and other fruits become the main food for birds.

• Jay. A large bird, which, however, can fly to feast on a feeder hung by people. In summer, it is rarely seen in the city, but closer to winter, the bird begins to reach for human habitation.

• Wren. One of the smallest birds, the weight of an adult male is only 5-7 grams. Kings are relatives of sparrows.

Wren - an inhabitant of the forests

• . A large bird that is a favorite trophy for many hunters. Pheasants can fly, but more often they move on foot.

• Grouse. It is also an object of hunting, despite the fact that this bird is quite small. The weight of an adult hazel grouse rarely reaches 500 g. It is interesting that the largest population of these birds lives in Russia.

The hazel grouse is a bird that is related to the black grouse

• Another bird that is related to hunting. Grouse are found on the edge of the forest and in the forest-steppe.

• Falcon. It is considered one of the smartest birds on the planet and one of the best hunters. The falcon is able to work in tandem with a man, but it is very difficult to tame him.

• . Like the falcon, it is a bird of prey. A hawk's vision is 8 times sharper than a human's. And rushing for prey, the hawk can reach speeds of up to 240 km / h.

Migratory, nomadic birds: list, photo with names

• Rooks differ from crows in a gray-yellow beak. In the Kuban and Ukraine, you can see how in the fall the rooks gather in huge flocks, so large that the sky seems black from the birds soaring in it - these are rooks that fly south. However, rooks are only conditionally migratory birds, some of them remain to winter in central Russia, some winter in Ukraine, and only some birds fly for the winter to the warm shores of Turkey.

• they love to fly to freshly dug land, sometimes they fly right behind a plowing tractor in order to have time to get as many worms and larvae as possible from the dug up land.

• This inconspicuous bird with a singing voice loves warmth, and therefore flies south in autumn. And for wintering, our native nightingales have chosen hot Africa. These birds fly to winter in the eastern part of the continent - Kenya and Ethiopia. However, local residents cannot enjoy their singing, because nightingales sing only during the mating season, which they have in their homeland.

• Martin. Swallows love rocky terrain, they often settle on the sheer walls of quarries that people have dug out. However, our winters are too severe for swallows, and therefore in autumn they fly to the southern, farthest from us, part of Africa or to Tropical Asia.

• Chizh. Like the rook, it is a migratory bird that arrives early and winters nearby: in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and southern Europe. Outwardly, siskins are inconspicuous, their gray-green feathers are absolutely not striking against the background of branches. The nature of the bird matches the appearance: quiet and meek.

• Goldfinch. In Europe, it is a wintering bird, however, in Russia, goldfinches can only be seen in summer. By winter, goldfinches gather in flocks and go to lands with a warmer climate. Goldfinches are close relatives of siskins.

Goldfinch is one of the most colorful birds

• A slender bird that runs fast on the ground and shakes its tail with every step. Wagtails spend the winter in eastern Africa, southern Asia, and sometimes southern Europe.

• Quail. The only bird from the order Galliformes, which is migratory. The weight of an adult quail is not so great and is 80-150 g. In summer, quails can be found in fields sown with wheat and rye. Quail winters far beyond the borders of our Motherland: in southern Africa and southern Asia, on the Hindustan peninsula.

• Thrush. The song thrush with its sweet trills creates worthy competition with the nightingale. And his appearance, like that of a nightingale, is inconspicuous. In winter, thrushes become Europeans: Italy, France and Spain are their second home.

• lark. Larks return from warm countries very early, sometimes already in March you can hear their sonorous song, which becomes a harbinger of spring warmth. And larks winter in Southern Europe.

• Gull. With the onset of cold weather, gulls living on the coasts of the northern seas migrate to the Black and Caspian Seas. But over the years, seagulls are more and more drawn to people, and more and more often they stay to spend the winter in cities.

• . Swifts winter in Africa, and reach its equatorial part or even go to the southern part of the mainland.

• Starlings are in great need of birdhouses, since most often they breed offspring in them. And our starlings go to winter in Southern Europe and East Africa.

This bizarre black cloud is a flock of starlings returning home

• Finch. Finches from the western part of the country winter mainly in Central Europe and the Mediterranean, and finches that live near the Urals in summer go to South Kazakhstan and southern regions of Asia for wintering.

Finch - a noisy inhabitant of the forest

• Heron. It is rather difficult to determine where the herons winter, some of them travel huge distances to South Africa, some winter in the Crimea or the Kuban, and in the Stavropol Territory, herons sometimes even remain to winter at all.

• Crane. These birds are monogamous, and once having chosen a partner, they remain faithful to him all their lives. Cranes nest in swampy areas. And their wintering places are as diverse as those of herons: Southern Europe, Africa and even China - in all these parts of the world you can meet cranes that have flown from Russia to spend the winter.

• Stork. In Russia there are black and white storks. White storks make huge nests up to one and a half meters wide and make very long flights to the south. Sometimes they overcome half the planet and reach South Africa, a country located in the very south of Africa.

• Swan. The swan is a bird that represents devotion and romance. Swans are waterfowl, so for wintering they choose places near the water, often the Caspian or Mediterranean Sea.

• Duck. Wild ducks in winter, as a rule, do not fly far and remain in the expanses of the post-Soviet states. It is noteworthy that their domestic relatives also begin to worry in the fall and sometimes try to fly away, sometimes they even fly over fences and fly short distances.

• . Cuckoos settle in forests, and in the forest-steppe, and in the steppe. The vast majority of cuckoos fly to winter in tropical and South Africa, less often cuckoos winter in South Asia: in India and China.

• . A small bird with a singing voice and bright plumage that flies to the tropics for the winter.

• . They wake up at dawn and are among the first to start the morning song. Previously, this little songbird was called a robin. Robins fly to winter in Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, returning home among the first.

What is the difference between migratory birds and wintering birds: presentation for preschoolers

slide 2

Slide 3: presentation of migratory birds

Why do migratory birds fly to warmer climes where they spend the winter, why do they come back?

Winter is a severe test for birds. And only those who, in harsh conditions, can get food for themselves remain to winter.

What could be the ways for birds to survive in the cold season?

• Some birds store food in the summer for the winter. They hide plant seeds, nuts, acorns, caterpillars and larvae in grass and cracks in tree bark. These birds include the nuthatch.
• Some birds are not afraid of people and live near residential buildings. In winter, they find food in feeders and on garbage heaps.
• Some birds are predators and feed on rodents. There are birds of prey that can feed on hares, hunt fish, small birds and bats.

If a bird can find food for itself in winter, then it does not need to go on a tiring and difficult flight to warmer climes in the fall.

It would seem that everything is simple, and the only reason for the seasonal migration of birds is the lack of food. But in reality there are more questions than answers. For example, imagine that a wild duck, which is a migratory bird, is provided with an artificially heated pond and sufficient food. Will she stay for the winter? Of course not. She will be called on a long journey, a strong feeling that is difficult to explain, called a natural instinct.

It turns out that birds fly away to warmer climes, as if out of habit, because their ancestors did this for hundreds and thousands of years.

Another question to be answered: why do birds return from warm countries every spring? Ornithologists have concluded that the start of the return flight is associated with the activation of sex hormones and the start of the breeding season. But why do birds fly thousands of kilometers and breed chicks exactly where they themselves were born? Poets and romantic natures say that birds, like people, are simply drawn to their homeland.

How do migratory birds know where to fly? A question to which, to this day, there is no intelligible answer. It has been experimentally proven that birds can navigate in a completely unfamiliar area and in conditions of limited visibility, when neither the sun nor the stars are visible. They have an organ that allows them to navigate the Earth's magnetic field.

But the mystery remains how the juveniles, who have never flown to warmer climes before, find their wintering grounds themselves, and how do they know the route to fly? It turns out in birds, at the genetic level, information is recorded about the point on the map where you need to fly, and moreover, a route is drawn to it.

Do migratory birds nest in the south?

Birds wintering in warm regions do not lay eggs and do not incubate chicks, which means they do not need a nest. A nest is needed only for chicks, which migratory birds will incubate in their homeland.

Which birds are the first and last to arrive in spring?

They arrive first in the spring rooks. These birds return to their homeland in early spring, when the first thawed patches appear in the snow. With their strong beak, rooks dig larvae on such thawed patches, which form the basis of their diet.

The last to arrive are birds that feed on flying insects. These are swallows, swifts, orioles. The diet of these birds consists of:

• Komarov
• Moshek
• gadflies
• Zhukov
• cicada
• butterflies

Since the appearance of a large number of adult flying insects from larvae requires warm weather and about two weeks of time, the birds that feed on them arrive home after the mass appearance of these insects.

Which birds are the first and last to fly away in autumn?

With the onset of autumn cold weather, insects complete their active life cycle and hibernate. Therefore, the birds that feed on insects are the first to fly to warm lands. Then the birds that feed on the plants fly away. Waterfowl are the last to leave. For them, even in autumn, there is enough food in the water. And they fly away before the water in the reservoirs begins to freeze.

VIDEO: Birds fly south

A flock of what migratory birds promises snow?

According to popular belief, if a flock of wild geese- expect the first snowfall. This sign may not coincide with real weather phenomena. So in the north of Russia, geese fly to warmer climes in mid-September, and snow can fall much earlier. Let's say the first snow in Norilsk fell on August 25 this year. In the south, geese fly to warmer climes at the end of October, and sometimes even at the beginning of November. The first snow in these areas may fall at this time. But it all depends on the weather conditions in autumn. Indian summer here can drag on for the whole of October.

VIDEO: Geese gather in flocks for flights to the south

Which bird in the order Galliformes is a migratory bird?

A migratory bird from the order Galliformes is quail. The quail's habitat extends beyond Russia in the west and south. In the east, these birds live up to the western coast of Lake Baikal. They are distributed in Europe, Western Asia and Africa.

They fly south for the winter. And they winter in Hindustan, North Africa and Southwest Asia.

VIDEO: How do migratory birds fly?

Birds

Slides: 15 Words: 582 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Class Birds: features of the structure, life as highly organized vertebrates. Annotation. Lesson plan. Tasks. Check of knowledge. Which statements are true? Learning new material. Features of the structure of the skeleton of birds. Groups of birds. Keel-breasted birds. Riteless birds. Water birds. Squads of birds. Origin of birds. Similarities between birds and reptiles. In reptiles and birds, the skin has almost no glands at all. The structure of eggs rich in yolk is similar in representatives of both classes. The embryos of birds and reptiles are similar in appearance. Consolidation of knowledge. Mini-quiz "Birds". - Birds.ppt

bird facts

Slides: 14 Words: 3171 Sounds: 1 Effects: 63

Bird class. A little about birds. Variety of birds. The evolution of birds. External building. Digestive system. Circulatory system. Nervous system. Sexual system. excretory system. Bird eggs. Interesting Facts. Birds in human life. Importance of birds in nature. - Facts about birds.ppt

General characteristics of birds

Slides: 13 Words: 982 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Who are the birds. Birds. General characteristics. Glandless skin. High level of development of the central nervous system. Structural features. Bird skeleton. Warm-blooded animals. Adaptation of birds to seasonal phenomena. periods of the annual cycle. Internal organs of birds. Chicks. - General characteristics of birds.ppt

Characteristics of the class of birds

Slides: 25 Words: 624 Sounds: 0 Effects: 88

Bird class. Birds are highly organized representatives of chordates. Archeopteryx. General characteristics of the class. Look at the picture. What organs can you name yourself. The structure of the skeleton of a bird. Let's get acquainted with the features of the internal structure. The internal structure of a bird. In the world of interesting. The largest bird on earth is the ostrich. The smallest bird is the Cuban bumblebee hummingbird. The fastest bird is the eider. The Galapagos woodpecker uses a fork while eating. Frigate birds are real pirates. The puffin seabird can carry up to 40 fish in its beak. - Characteristics of the class of birds.pptx

bird skeleton

Slides: 13 Words: 711 Sounds: 0 Effects: 104

How flight affected the bird's skeleton. Flight. The ability to fly. Skeletons. Skeletal analysis. Lizard skeleton. Department of the skeleton. Pigeon skeleton. The structure of the bones. Comparison of the skeletons of a lizard and a dove. Bird bones. - Bird Skeleton.ppt

bird breeding

Slides: 19 Words: 391 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Birds. Seasonal phenomena in the life of birds. Reproduction. Outside, the egg of birds is protected by a leathery shell. Bird breeding. Black grouse display. Bustard towing. Nightingale singing. Why does the nightingale sing. Nest. What do you see as the success of building nests. Egg laying. Incubation. Bittern on the nest. post-breeding period. Sedentary birds. Orientation of migratory birds during migrations. Scheme of nesting and winter ranges of barn swallow. How signs of high organization are manifested in the process of reproduction and development of birds. - Bird breeding.ppt

bird watching

Slides: 20 Words: 623 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Phenological observations of the spring arrival of birds. Feathered wanderers. Migration paths. Phenology. Birds of Chuvashia. Objects of observation. Study participants. Time and place of observation. Observation results. Aquatic and near-water species. Birds that eat insects. Village swallow. Weather influence. Arrival times. Separate individuals. Naturalist School. Dates of arrival of most bird species. Research prospects. - Birdwatching.ppt

bird world

Slides: 18 Words: 340 Sounds: 0 Effects: 25

Interesting world of birds. The tail and wing feathers consist of a strong shaft and hundreds of fine hairs. The Galapagos woodpecker uses a fork while eating. Frigate birds are real pirates. The secretary bird lives in Africa and hunts snakes. The razor-sharp claws of the eagle are deadly weapons. Owls eat their prey whole, and then regurgitate lumps of undigested food. The kite is a slug eater that feeds on snails. It lives in the US desert and lives in the hollow of a giant cactus, where it is cool and humid. The puffin seabird can carry up to 40 fish in its beak. Wren chicks, although small, are very voracious. - World of Birds.ppt

bird class

Slides: 17 Words: 522 Sounds: 0 Effects: 52

Squads of birds. Bird class. Archeopteryx (150 million years ago). Birds. Reptiles. Flight adaptation. 1. Skeleton. 2. Feather cover. Feathers: flight and steering. Bones are light; outgrowth for attaching muscles - keel. Why do birds need feathers? ... A bird with clipped feathers on its wings cannot fly? … Are the pillows stuffed with bird down? Sense organs. Color vision. Good hearing. Smell. Developed. Is it true that ... Reproduction of birds. What bird doesn't build nests? What determines the color of the egg shell? Cuckoo. Nestlings of brood (1) and nesting (2) birds. Birds are terrestrial vertebrates. The body of birds is adapted for flight. - Bird class.pptx

Bird class

Slides: 16 Words: 353 Sounds: 0 Effects: 88

BIRD class. Birds as highly organized representatives of chordates. Plan of work on the topic "BIRDS". LESSON 1. Studying the features of the external and internal structure of birds. Laboratory work "The external structure and feather cover of birds." LESSON 2. Features of the organization of birds associated with flight. Laboratory work. LESSONS 3 - 5. Work on the project: "Ecological groups of birds." Classification of birds. The external structure of the bird. Head Neck Torso Limbs The body of birds is covered with feathers. The structure and types of feathers. The structure of the skeleton of a bird. Digestive system. The respiratory system of birds. Trachea; Front air bags; Lungs; Rear air bags. - Class Birds.ppt

Lesson Birds

Slides: 19 Words: 397 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Lesson on the topic Birds in grade 7. Annual life cycle and seasonal phenomena in the life of birds. Objectives: To study the features of bird breeding. Study the life cycle of birds at different times of the year. Note the signs of high organization and similarities with reptiles. The main provisions of the lesson. Reproduction, nest building, incubation. post-breeding period. Preparing for winter. Wintering. Birds, like reptiles, lay eggs. Female birds, like reptiles, have one ovary. Bird eggs are larger because they contain a lot of nutrients. Outside, the egg of birds is protected by a leathery shell. The mother hen is able to regulate the temperature of the air in the nest. - Bird Lesson.ppt

Bird Theme

Slides: 15 Words: 418 Sounds: 2 Effects: 113

Lesson-generalization on the topic: "Bird Class". Aims and objectives of the lesson: Basic concepts and terms. Goiter Muscular stomach Glandular stomach Air sacs Cloaca Wax. Types of bird feathers. Feathers. Diversity of bird feathers: Species diversity of birds. White heron. Peacock (male). Common mallard (female). Kingfisher. exotic birds. Flamingo. Linnet. Grosbeak chick. Penguins. Open tasks on the theme "Birds". Which bird feeds its chicks with plumage? What birds sing at night? Which bird uses its paws instead of a nest? What is a tray and letok? How do migratory birds navigate on the way? - Theme Birds.pptx

Biology Birds

Slides: 23 Words: 1137 Sounds: 4 Effects: 137

Abstract for the work. "And the sky without birds is not the sky ...". Presentation for a general lesson in biology grade 7 (8). Presentation of a general lesson-game in biology on the topic: Bird class. The second slide is for the teacher. Document format: Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Word. The work is intended for students of grade 7 (8), teachers of biology, ecology. Scope of work: 23 slides. Kutsak Anna Potapovna MOU secondary school No. 1, Severobaikalsk. And the sky without birds is not the sky ... Lesson objectives: Class BIRDS. Units of the BIRD class. Order Passeriformes. Detachment Anseriformes. Squad Birds of Prey. Squad Strizheformye. Blitz tournament. finish the sentences: - Bird Biology.ppt

Birds Grade 7

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Bird habitats. Purpose of the study. Research progress. The result of the study Birds of the forest. Birds of swamps, coasts and open waters. Birds of open air spaces. Signs: long narrow wings, notched tail, insectivorous mouth. Diurnal Predators. Signs: strong hook-shaped beak, powerful legs. Birds of the forest. Birds of swamps, coasts and open waters. Ecological groups of birds. - Birds Grade 7.ppt

amazing birds

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Feathered friends. Soon guests will gather for you, How many nests they will build - look! What sounds, what songs will flow Day by day, from dawn to dusk! Birds inhabit all corners of our planet. Unlike mammals, birds are always close to humans. There are about 9 thousand species of birds on earth. Many beliefs, legends, signs, proverbs and sayings are associated with birds. Penguins have wings - fins that allow them to swim at a speed of 10 m / s. Bird chicks hatch from laid eggs. And here there are craftsmen (weavers, stove-makers, etc.). Amazing facts from the life of birds. The fastest flyers are swifts, reaching speeds of up to 170 km / h. - Amazing Birds.ppt

vertebrate birds

Slides: 9 Words: 213 Sounds: 0 Effects: 41

Master class "Vertebrates in the air - birds". I. Challenge The game "I believe, I do not believe." Work with text. Let's compare our assumptions with the material of the text. Making sense. Working with the text "Birds of the Red Book". III. Reflection. Letter to the editor of the newspaper "Friends of Nature". Collective writing letter. Each writes only one sentence. The letter is passed around the circle only once. - Vertebrate birds.ppt

bird structure

Slides: 19 Words: 621 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Birds. Lesson topic: "Features of the structure and life of birds as highly organized vertebrates." "To get acquainted with the main morphological and anatomical features of the organization of birds associated with flight." The purpose of the lesson: Work. "The external structure of birds, and the structure of the skeleton". What advantages do birds have by spending most of their lives in flight? Make and complete a table of three columns. What adaptations do birds have for living in the air? Archeopteryx. Estimated appearance of Archeopteryx. Reptiles. Fill in the diagram in the notebook: The external structure of birds. Variety of birds. - Bird structure.ppt

Birds in nature

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Birds-. Our friends. Birds are part of nature. There are a lot of birds in the world. Without birds, all nature would be very ugly. Caring for chicks is the work of birds. Crossword about wintering birds (IN CHUVASH LANGUAGE). Puzzles. 3) There are no hands, but he knows how to build. 4) He will be born twice, and he will die once. 1) What kind of blacksmiths forge in the forest? Loud crackling “tra-ra-ra-ra...” and characteristic squealing. Fieldfare has absolutely no sonorous whistling notes. Habitat. It lives in light forests and parks. Food. Nesting places. Fieldfare is not very picky in choosing nesting places. Nest location. Fieldfare nests singly, sometimes in colonies. - Birds in nature.pptx

The external structure of birds

Slides: 13 Words: 406 Sounds: 0 Effects: 73

The external structure of birds. The structure of feathers. The external structure of the bird. Head. Neck. Wing. Tail. Torso. tarsus. Consider the bird's head. Eye. auditory hole. Mandible. Language. Mandible and nostril. And why does the bird have such beautiful outfits? 2. Find out how the feathers are located on the bird's body. Where are the largest feathers located, and where are the smaller ones? The external structure of a bird feather. Fan. Ochin. Kernel. With a magnification of 10 times, you can see the barbs of the first order. And with a magnification of 200 times, you can see the beards of the second order. Magnification 200 times. Compare the structure of bird feathers. - The external structure of birds.ppt

Biology bird class

Slides: 21 Words: 329 Sounds: 0 Effects: 37

Nelmachevskaya basic comprehensive school. Timofeeva Nina Nikolaevna teacher of biology and chemistry. The basis of the plumage is contour feathers. The cerebellum in birds is poorly developed. The sternum of many birds carries a keel. Birds have a 3-chambered heart. Respiratory organs lungs and air sacs. Ecological groups. Swamp birds. Diurnal birds of prey. Night birds of prey. Birds of the forest. Birds of reservoirs and coasts. Motley quack Catches frogs. Walks waddle, Stumble. Crying in the swamp. But it does not come from the swamp. Isn't it scary to live there? No, the owner is not afraid. Two mighty wings The owner ... - Biology Class Birds.pps

Birds of the Kostroma region

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Rare birds of prey of the Kostroma region. Objective of the project. Suggest measures to protect birds of prey. Hypothesis. The number of birds of prey is declining under the influence of human activities. With the growth of settlements, the number of birds living in cultivated landscapes has increased. Research stages. Characteristics of the detachment diurnal birds of prey. Biology and reasons for the decline in the number of birds of prey in the region. Importance of birds of prey Measures for the protection of birds of prey. A little about birds of prey. A small but peculiar group of birds. The main weapon of a predator is speed. A third of the birds of prey living in our country are listed in the Red Book. - Birds of the Kostroma region.ppt

bird life

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Project invitation. Birds of our forest. What do we know about the birds of our forest? What kinds of birds live in our forest? Are there laws protecting birds? Here are some of the answers: - Empathy flight. What is the future of the bird population? - Life of birds.ppt

Reproduction and development of birds

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The name of the lesson. Reproduction and development of birds. L / r "Study of the structure of a chicken egg." bird organ systems. Comparative characteristics of the class of chordates. Comparison of the functions of the brain regions of reptiles and birds. Well developed, perfect vision. Underdeveloped. Midbrain. Very well developed, precise coordination. Weakly developed. Cerebellum. Developed, parts of the cerebral cortex, complex instincts. Developed, rudiments of the cerebral cortex, conditioned reflexes. Forebrain. Weakly developed (except kiwi and scavengers). Smell is perceived through the nostrils and tongue. Olfactory lobes. - Reproduction and development of birds.ppt

bird in flight

Slides: 47 Words: 921 Sounds: 0 Effects: 39

Presentation for a lesson in biology Grade 7. The program of V.V. Pasechnik Textbook V.V. Latyushin, V.A. Shapkin. Beautiful and many-sided world of birds. There are currently up to 8.5 thousand species of birds on the EARTH. Lesson in the form of a business game on the topic "Birds". Stages of the game. 1. Accumulation of capital. 3. Collection of information. 2. Doubling the capital. 4. Capital investment in business. Types of tasks: 3.Distribute the birds into squads. 4. The internal structure of the bird (sign the parts of the organs). Pelican, Avocet, Pigeon, Crossbill, Woodpecker, Mallard Duck, Falcon. Swift, woodpecker, duck, black grouse, falcon. 8 task. I remind you! Birds of the region, listed in the Red Book (70 species). - Bird in flight.ppt

The internal structure of birds

Slides: 27 Words: 718 Sounds: 0 Effects: 12

Journey into the world of birds. The air is cut without effort, Like sickles crooked wings. If it flashes, you can't see it, It only flies like this... Bird habitats and means of transportation. Water. Ground-air. Air. "The external structure of birds". A beak in the life of a bird. - Build nests. - For protection and threat. - Cleaning feathers. - Obtain, hold food. - Holds tools for breaking eggs. Beak shape. The structure and role of the legs in the life of birds. Types and role of bird feathers. Pen structure. Features of the internal structure of birds in connection with their fitness for flight. Digestive system. - Internal structure of birds.ppt

bird day

Slides: 11 Words: 387 Sounds: 0 Effects: 28

An extra-curricular event dedicated to "International Bird Day". Birds are our feathered friends. 5-7 classes. Objectives of the event: To get acquainted with the diversity of birds. Learn to identify signs of similarities and differences in birds. To form concepts about the origin of the names of some birds. To instill love and respect for the native nature. Lesson outline. The game "Our feathered friends." 1st competition: "Greetings". But I especially love unsalted lard. 2. "They call me the caretaker of the forest." I live in a tree, in a hollow. I love nuts, linden nuts, maple lionfish. 5th competition: "Bird professions". 6- competition: "Eight birds". - Bird Day.ppt

bird development

Slides: 31 Words: 1151 Sounds: 1 Effects: 46

Reproduction and development of birds. annual life cycle. seasonal events. Reproductive organs. Egg development. Embryo development. Brood and nesting birds. Seasonal phenomena in the life of birds. Lesson plan. reproductive organs of birds. Female. Male. Work with the textbook. Ovary. Testes. Funnel of the oviduct. Oviduct. Remaining right oviduct. Semen ducts. Where are the reproductive organs located? Why does a female develop only one ovary? (Textbook, p. 218.). Explain the meaning of each structural element of the egg. What is indicated in the figure by the number 7? The structure of the egg. Protein. Yolk. Flagella (chalaza). - Development of birds.ppt

Bird feeders

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Birds of the winter forest. Who is next to us? Bird feeding. Types of feeders. Attracting birds. Wintering birds. Think! The back is greenish, the tummy is yellowish. Little black hat And a scarf. (answer). Around the trunk of a large pine cones are visible in the snow. Here, at the forge, the agile spent a lot of strength ... (answer). With the onset of cold weather, northern guests appear in the middle lane - nomadic birds. Bullfinches hang like red apples on the bare branches of maples. Handsome waxwings in gray-pink down jackets with “hoods”-tufts settled on a mountain ash ... With a gray head, Brown back. In winter, it feeds on rowan Large ... - fieldfare. (answer). -