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17th century architecture

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17th century architecture
The Time of Troubles contributed to the loss of stone art skills. The temples of the 17th century were more massive, simpler and cruder than those of the 16th century. Russian art of the 17th century. strikes with an exceptional combination of strict observance of the established Orthodox tradition with the activity of new tastes and the renewal of artistic techniques.

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Tent (tent style) in wooden and stone architecture of the 16th-18th centuries. completion of buildings in the form of a high tetrahedral or polyhedral pyramid.

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marquee style
Typological variants of tent temples: An octagon on a quadrangle (cruciform or cubic shape) A tent on a quadrangle without an octagon An octahedral temple without a quadrangle Composition of several tent aisles Tent temples were erected according to the decrees of the kings, were built in royal villages and in the estates of noble people.

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MERCHANT CHURCHES

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"Wonderful patterns" - this is how they call one of the most beautiful pages of Moscow architecture of the XVII
Built in 1628-1651. by order of the merchant Grigory Nikitnikov, on the site of the church of Nikita the Martyr "on Glinishchi" that burned down in 1626, the Temple was erected next to the courtyard of G. Nikitnikov.
In 1904 in the basement of the central quadrangle, a chapel was built in the name of the Georgian Mother of God, whose icon (1654) was kept in the temple, which is why the Trinity Church was sometimes called the Church of the Georgian Mother of God.

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Moscow Trinity Church in Nikitniki
The entrance to the church is decorated with a hipped porch (for the first time in temple architecture). The similarity of the decor forms of the porch, the covered gallery, the architraves of the two main windows of the southern facade and the internal portals of the church to the decor of the Kremlin Terem Palace (1635-1636) and its Upper Golden Porch make us assume that not all elements of this complex temple complex were rebuilt at the same time.

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Inside the church is cozy. There are no pillars in it, a lot of light pours from large windows, and the space lies lightly and calmly. Colorful murals cover the walls with a solid carpet.

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Church of the Nativity of the Virgin
Another interesting monument of the first half of the 17th century is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, "in Putinki". During the three years of construction, from 1649 to 1652, the plans of the customers expanded, and the temple was replenished with new premises.

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In the last quarter of the 17th century, the type of Moscow parish church was finally formed with a quadruple of the main volume and five domes, a hipped bell tower and a one-story refectory. Such is the Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki (1676-1682). Its name is due to the settlement of weavers, or khamovniks, which was located here in the 17th century.
Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki
The temple is beautiful with its aspiration upwards, orderliness of details. The impression of richness and pattern is achieved thanks to the red-green color of the decorative details, which stand out clearly against the white background of the wall.

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Spaso-Andronnikov Monastery
Spaso-Andronnikov Monastery was founded in 1359 on the steep bank of the Yauza River on the road from young Moscow to Vladimir. It was named after his first abbot Andronicus, a disciple of Sergius of Radonezh. In 1425-1427. a large stone Cathedral of the Savior is being erected in the monastery. The great Russian icon painter Andrei Rublev took part in its creation.
The cathedral impresses with its original appearance. The walls of the temple are decorated with strict shoulder blades, high stairs rise to the portals, and the top is very complex - it consists of multi-tiered zakomara, echoing the keeled ends of the portals. Lateral divisions of the facades with the same keeled zakomaras are much lower. This enhances the vertical dynamics of the building. Even higher is the second tier of zakomar, forming a crown at the base of the head. It is not for nothing that this temple was endowed with the epithet "very red" in ancient times.

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Novodevichy Convent.
It was founded at the beginning of the 16th century both as a monument to the liberation of Smolensk and as a fortress guarding the approaches to the capital from the southwest.

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The main buildings that glorified the monastery were erected in the 80s of the 17th century with the active participation of Princess Sofia. The main buildings were built along the central axis (from west to east) - the refectory, the cathedral, and to the east of it - the bell tower. From the south and north of the cathedral, gate churches with many domes were erected - Preobrazhenskaya and Pokrovskaya. They are located on a three-span arched base - a kind of triumphal arches.

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Smolensky Cathedral
In 1524-1525. a grandiose five-domed cathedral was built here, modeled on the Kremlin's Assumption Cathedral. However, the architect changed the ratio of the width and height of the walls, made a basement, which is not in the Kremlin, and placed the domes more closely. This gave the cathedral dynamism.

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Temple of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
In 1532, the famous Church of the Ascension was erected here, which began the construction of stone tent churches. On the high bank of the Moskva River, the white pillar of the Kolomna Church rises into the sky, consisting of a mighty groin base and a tent, unique in its shape, crowned with a small cupola. Slender pilasters at the corners of the building, sharp "arrows" sandwiched in the walls, triple tiers of keeled kokoshniks - everything rushes up.

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The courage and beauty of the Kolomna Church of the Ascension amazed the people of Ancient Russia. “Because that church is wonderful in height, beauty and lordship, as if this had never happened before in Russia,” the chronicler wrote in the year the temple was built. On the eastern side of the gallery, the promenade surrounding the temple, there is a throne made of white stone. From here, the Moscow tsars admired the width of the river, its meadows and the forests that turned blue on the horizon.

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Building ban
In the middle of the 17th century, the development of tent architecture was suspended by decrees of Patriarch Nikon. Thus, in one of the church-building charters, Patriarch Nikon ordered the construction of churches: "According to the order of the correct and statutory legal provision, as the rule and charter of the church commands about this, to build about one, about three, about five chapters, and do not build hipped churches at all ...".

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Moscow baroque is a conventional name for the style of Russian architecture of the last decades of the 17th - early 18th centuries, the main feature of which is the widespread use of elements of the architectural order and the use of centric compositions in temple architecture.

The 17th century became a century of serious upheavals and great changes for Russia. All this could not but affect the development of culture. Attitudes towards religion changed, ties with Europe were strengthened, new styles were born in architecture. It was during this period that the transition of architecture from the strict forms of the Middle Ages to decorativeness, from the church to the secular, was noticed. Carved architraves and stone cutting, multi-colored tiles appear on the facades of buildings. A century of great upheavals

At the beginning of the 17th century, the construction of hipped compositions, begun in the 16th century, continues. One of the brightest examples of that era is the Dormition Divine Church on the territory of the Alekseevsky Monastery in Uglich. Construction of tent compositions

In later construction, the tent ceases to be a structural element and begins to perform a more decorative function. It can be seen on small churches and on secular buildings of that era. The last tent-type temple is the Moscow Church of the Birth of the Virgin in Putinki, dating back to the middle of the 17th century. The fact is that just during this period, the church, headed by Patriarch Nikon, recognized many of the old church dogmas as erroneous, and a ban was imposed on the construction of tented cathedrals and churches. From now on, they had to be without fail five-headed and with domes. In addition to the tented ones, in the 17th century they built pillarless cubic cathedrals and churches, also called ships, as well as round temples.

The popularization of stone buildings, which began in the 16th century, continues. In the 17th century, such construction became not only the privilege of the kings. Now boyars and merchants could build stone mansions. Many residential stone houses were built in the 17th century both in the capital and in the provinces. But the kings, as it turned out, on the contrary, preferred wooden architecture. Despite the widespread use of stone as the main building material, the 17th century can rightly be considered the heyday of Russian wooden architecture. The royal palace in Kolomenskoye was considered a masterpiece of wooden architecture and architecture of the 17th century. At that time, the residence consisted of 270 rooms and about 3,000 windows. Unfortunately, in the middle of the 18th century it was dismantled due to dilapidation on the orders of Empress Catherine II. In our time, it has been recreated from notes and drawings, which makes it possible to judge the beauty and grandeur of the architecture of that time, but in this form it no longer represents the architectural value as if it were the original. Wooden architecture

By the end of the 17th century, a new style appeared in Russian cathedral architecture, called the Naryshkin or Moscow Baroque. The style got its name from the name of the main customer. This style corresponds to the combination of white and red colors in the painting of the facades of buildings, the number of storeys of buildings. Examples of buildings in this style are the churches and palaces of Sergiev Posad, the Church of the Intercession in Fili, the bell towers, the refectory and gate churches in the Novodevichy Convent. Naryshkin (Moscow) Baroque

Changes in the life of the country, the development of trade relations with neighbors, and some other factors provided the prerequisites for the fact that Russian cities began to expand. New cities appeared in the south and east of the country. The first attempts to create city plans and streamline urban planning appeared.

In connection with the expansion of the borders of the state, the cessation of raids on Russia by the Tatars, the center of the country no longer needed such protection as in the Middle Ages. Many city fortresses and walls of monasteries in the central part of the country ceased to perform defensive functions. This period in the life of the country coincided with the emergence of a new trend in architecture, moving away from strict lines and moving towards embellishment. That is why in the 17th century many Kremlin buildings and monasteries were completed with a special touch. Now architects thought more about the appearance, elegance of decoration, expressiveness of lines, than about the defensive quality of towers and buildings. A new direction in architecture

Both residential houses of merchants and boyars, and administrative buildings in the 17th century began to be built with two or three floors. With a stone foundation, the upper floor could be wooden, often the building was completely made of wood. The lower floor of such buildings was usually used for household needs. In the middle of the century, under the auspices of Patriarch Nikon, Moscow began to recreate the holy places of Palestine. The project results in the construction of the New Jerusalem Monastery on the Istra River. The monastery was supplemented by a traditional complex of wooden structures, the Resurrection Cathedral. Later, due to Nikon's disgrace, construction work was stopped. The Belarusian craftsmen who worked on the construction brought the use of ceramics and tiles for facade decoration to Russian architecture. Subsequently, many tried to imitate the monastery cathedral in every possible way, tried to surpass it in elegance. Buildings and churches

Despite the fact that many cities had their own peculiarities in architecture and urban planning, elegant splendor and spectacular decorative forms and facades began to spread everywhere. Russia, having survived the period of unrest, seemed to be reborn, looking ahead with hope for the future. During this period, the desire for embellishment resulted in the decoration of the towers of the Moscow Kremlin with tents, as well as in the decoration of the white walls of St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral) with bright and colorful ornaments. In 1635-1636, a three-story Terem Palace with a pronounced stepped structure was erected in the Kremlin. Initially, its walls were painted, both inside and outside, the upper tier of the palace was decorated with tiles. The cathedral on the territory of the complex is a typical representative of the Baroque style, which at that time just began to spread in Russian architecture of the 17th century. Kremlin decoration

At that time, Yaroslavl was the second most important city in Russia. Tiles were actively used in decorating the churches of John the Baptist in Tolchkovo, as well as John Chrysostom in Korovniki. These buildings are characterized by the use of a bright pattern created with the help of glazed tiles. A typical monument of this period of architecture in Yaroslavl is the Church of Elijah the Prophet. Significant city of Yaroslavl

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Architecture of Russia in the 17th century The project was completed by a student of the 11th grade of the secondary school No. 3 of the city of Rzhev, Tver Region Smirnov Ilya Teacher MHK M.A. Alexandrova

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The purpose of the work: to tell about the architecture of Russia in the 17th century, the forms, features and styles of buildings of that period

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In Russian architecture of the 17th century, as in other areas of the cultural life of Russia at that time, secular motifs begin to dominate. The architecture of the 17th century began to move away from medieval simplicity and austerity. Russian architecture of the 17th century is interesting, first of all, for its decorative effect. Beautiful embossed architraves adorn the windows of buildings, stone cutting makes the buildings unusually bizarre and picturesque. Multicolor, buildings of Russian architecture of the 17th century, give tiles.

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One of the most popular architectural forms of the 17th century is the tent. The refectory church of Alekseevsky Monastery in Uglich is a vivid example of this architectural form. Three slender tents rise above the heavy volume of the refectory. The tents are located on the vaults of the church, and are not associated with its spatial structure.

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In the further development of Russian architecture of the 17th century, the tent turns from a constructive element into a decorative one. The tent becomes a characteristic architectural element of the 17th century for small town churches. The best example of 17th century architecture of this kind is the Moscow Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. The church is located in Putinki.

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Local parishioners began to build the church, who wanted to surprise Moscow with unprecedented wealth and beauty. However, they did not calculate their strength and, they had to ask for help from the king. Alexei Mikhailovich gave a huge amount from the state treasury for the construction of the temple. The temple turned out really well. The Church of the Birth of the Virgin is the last hipped temple in Moscow. In 1652, Patriarch Nikon forbade the construction of temples made in the tent architectural style.

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In the architecture of the 17th century, in the construction of temples, not only the hipped architectural style was used, but also others. Pillarless cubic temples (ships) were popular. In the last quarter of the 17th century, the Moscow baroque style became widespread in Russian architecture. Sometimes it is called "Naryshkin" baroque, this name comes from the name of the main customer. This style in the 17th century is characterized by order details, the use of red and white colors in the painting of buildings, and the number of storeys of buildings. Gate churches, the refectory and bell towers of the Novodevichy Convent, the Church of the Intercession in Fili, churches and palaces in Sergiev Posad were built in this architectural style.

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In Russian architecture of the 17th century, stone construction became available not only to the royal family. Wealthy boyars and merchants are now in a position to build "stone mansions" for themselves. Moscow and the provinces know many stone buildings of noble and wealthy families. Stone construction dominates the architecture of the 17th century.

"Wonderful pattern. Architecture of the 17th century»- a presentation that is intended for use in the MHC lesson (possibly - history) when studying the topic "The Artistic Culture of Ancient Russia". This work completes a series of presentations on ancient Russian architecture.

Marvelous pattern-Architecture of the 17th century

Since the 16th century, the architecture of magnificent forms has been established in European countries. All kinds of decorations in the form of abundant stucco, gilded shells and curlicues, and other tricks designed to give the impression of wealth and luxury are all features of the Baroque style (from Italian - pretentious, intricate). In Russia, this style is called marvelous pattern, it did not take root immediately, but in the 17th century the Moscow baroque was established, which is called Naryshkin baroque by the name of the Naryshkin boyars, who left picturesque churches decorated with white stone lace on their estates to descendants.

Naryshkin baroque

The seventeenth century was a turning point in the history of Russia and in its culture. Innovations in artistic culture manifested themselves primarily in architecture. The medieval principles of art were violated, which, combined with the influence of folk art, brought secular festivity. This explains the uniqueness of the art of Russia in the 17th century, its life-affirming character, its decorative magnificence.

Masterpieces of wondrous patterns

The wonderful Krutitsky Teremok in Moscow can be called a true masterpiece of decorative architecture of the 17th century. He admires the colorful, picturesque colored tiled decoration. It should be noted the great variety of civil structures of the 17th century. The chambers of the clerk Averky Kirillov, the refectory of the Novodevichy Convent, the chambers of the boyar Volkov, the Terem Palace in the Moscow Kremlin differ not so much in the configuration of volumes as in the imagination of the architects in their decorative decoration, justifying the name " marvelous pattern", which received 17th century architecture in the history of art of Ancient Russia.

17th century chambers

Church architecture of the 17th century adopted many features of civil engineering. Both small temples and monumental cathedrals look cheerful. They are distinguished by a rich bright decor.

Masterpieces of temple architecture of the 17th century

In the 17th century, great importance was given to the construction of high bell towers, giving expressiveness to individual architectural ensembles. They become an expressive accent in the architectural composition, giving it dynamics.

Ensembles with a bell tower

Among the buildings of the 17th century, monasteries built by Patriarch Nikon stand out. The most famous of them is New Jerusalem, in which the secular nature of the religious architecture of that time was especially clearly manifested.

The primordially folk feeling of decorativeness and monumentality was embodied in one of the outstanding artistic ensembles of the 17th century, created on the initiative of the Rostov Metropolitan Iona Sysoevich, the ensemble of Rostov the Great, having carried out a synthesis of arts in it.