Every year, Romania attracts more and more attention among residents of the CIS - it is a European country that is part of the EU, for those who are interested in stunning natural landscapes that blend harmoniously with civilization.

Panoramic view of one of the residential areas of Bucharest

The industrial-agrarian system, combined with an abundance of mineral resources, allows the country's economy to remain in a more or less stable position.

Romania is located in the eastern part of the Balkan Gulf, and among the countries of southeastern Europe, Romania is the largest.

Thanks to its favorable location on the Black Sea coast, Romania has a continental climate - it is quite cool in winter, snow falls every winter, and heat reigns in summer.

Official state language

The official language is Romanian, but German and Hungarian are also widely spoken here, and English and French are used in the tourism sector.

We can say that the local population speaks few foreign languages, and foreign citizens have to learn Romanian, or use a phrasebook.

Life in Romania

The current standard of living in Romania in 2019-2020 can hardly be called very high; rather, it can be described as average.

The population of Romania is more than 22 million people, and about 90% of this number are Romanians themselves, followed by Hungarians and Roma - 5%. Ukrainians, Germans, Lipovians and Russians are found in approximately equal numbers (less than 0.5%).

Ethnic population map of Romania

The standard of living, as is known, consists of various indicators. If we are talking about Western Europe, then we can speak specifically, but in relation to Eastern Europe it is difficult to adhere to absolute facts - it is much easier to consider the local standard of living in comparison with different countries.

This is what Romanian health insurance looks like

Salaries in Romania

The minimum salary in Romania in 2019-2020 is about 2,500 lei, which is equivalent to 500 euros (after taxes). This is what service personnel, seasonal workers, students, etc. usually receive. Professionals in their field have the opportunity to earn more. Here is a list of professions and average monthly salaries:

• Doctor - 1,100 euros.
• Teacher - 950 euros.
• Bank employees - 1,250 euros.
• Managers in high positions - 2,200 euros.
• Engineers - 2,100 euros.

Although wages are not as high as in other European countries, this does not frighten visitors to the country for the purpose of employment. And it gives the right to travel to all Schengen countries.

Sample Romanian resident card

European integration has increased economic growth in the country, the influx of foreign investment has increased, which has a positive impact on exports and GDP, but, on the other hand, there is still an upward trend. The growth of the Romanian economy over the six months increased by 4.8% - this was facilitated by an increase in purchasing power in Eastern Europe. However, the low inflation rate and low taxes in Romania cannot be denied.

Cost of living in Romania

Romania differs from most European countries in its low prices. This is why many tourists and migrants choose this country. Food costs usually range from 200 to 400 euros per month, depending on taste preferences. Average food prices in supermarkets in Romania in 2020 are as follows:

If you eat in cafes and restaurants, your monthly costs will be slightly higher. Street fast food in Romania can be bought from 2 euros, for example, a burger or shawarma. The average bill in a budget cafe for two will be about 5-10 euros, but dinner in a restaurant can cost 20-25 euros.

Prices for clothes and shoes in Romania are no different from other European countries. Well-known brands can only be bought cheaper during sales.

Internet in Romania is much cheaper than in other European countries. A month at a speed of 60 Mbit/sec will cost approximately 7 euros. As for mobile communications, for 5 euros you can activate a package of services with calls and SMS for a whole month.

Real estate prices

The price of rental housing, as elsewhere, depends on its size, condition and location. An apartment for a family can be rented from 200 to 350 euros in a residential area of ​​the city. But rental prices in the center are slightly higher, ranging from 300 to 500 euros.

Sometimes utilities are not included in the rent. Then you will have to pay about 100 euros every month for electricity, water and heating.

As for buying real estate, one square meter on the outskirts will cost approximately 900-1000 euros, and in the center - from 1,200 euros.

Entertainment and relaxation

The cost of tickets to museums and castles varies from $1.5 to about $6 - by the way, students and group excursions can enjoy certain benefits.

The cost of a cinema ticket in Romania is approximately 5 euros.

Transport in Romania

Of course, the country has transport links, and they are quite extensive. But in general, you can always use a taxi - it is not too expensive (although the local population thinks otherwise).

Public transport in Bucharest

Taxis, like in any other EU country, operate on a meter. The cost of the trip consists of the tariff (about 40 cents) and another 40 cents for each kilometer. Thus, a trip of 60 km will cost 24-25 euros.

Renting a car in Romania is relatively cheap. Renting a car for one day costs approximately 15-30 euros. And if you rent a car for several days, you can get a discount. There are also a large number of services where you can rent a car in advance and pick it up at a certain place, for example, right at the exit from the airport.

A public transport ticket in Romania for one trip costs about 40 cents. A pass for one week costs 5-7 euros, for one month - 14 euros.

Level of economic development

When talking about Romania, it is difficult to talk only about the urban environment - most of the country is occupied by agriculture. The lifestyle here is different from the city. In rural areas it is difficult to call the population hardworking - the local houses are small, the horses look well-groomed.

One of the most profitable sectors of the economy in 2020 can be called tourism, and a very significant part of the local population works in this area.

Peles Castle located in the Romanian Carpathians

The Romanian Carpathians are called the future Alps, and given the active growth of foreign investment after Romania joined the EU, this may well become a reality.

The country is not included in the Schengen zone at the moment and. for tourism purposes for a period of less than 90 days is not needed.

The economic sector is firmly based on mining - the gas and oil industries are well developed here. The cost of gasoline is very affordable, there are enough gas reserves. In addition to oil and gas, manganese ores, bauxite and coal are being developed here.
The mining industry practically cannot function without the processing industry, which is also abundant here. There are two ports on the Black Sea coast and the Danube, and in addition to processing plants there are also shipbuilding plants.

The unemployment rate here is very, very high, around 48%, so finding a job can be difficult.

The agricultural sector is represented by arable land (two thirds are corn and wheat). Widespread crops are sunflowers, beets, and potatoes. In the Carpathian region and Transylvania there are orchards and vineyards, and cattle breeding is also well developed here, with priority given to pigs and sheep.

The economic structure of Romania makes it possible to maintain a strict balance, on the one hand, combining developed industry with agriculture, and on the other hand, attracting bonuses and investments from the rest of the European Union.

Medicine

Building of a modern private clinic in Bucharest

Spa treatment is popular here, as well as various types of healing and rejuvenating therapies. The aesthetic surgery sector is at a good level.

The cost of medical services (including complex operations) is 50-70% lower compared to Western European countries, which attracts a large number of foreigners here.

Romania has made clear progress in the last 20 years in establishing and developing a liberal market economy.

When the financial crisis hit in 2008-2009, Romania was able to recover quite quickly thanks to prudent macroeconomic administration. The crisis required the establishment of reforms, with the help of international financial institutions, reforms that Romania has long needed. Reforms were carried out in the financial sector, education, health, administration and social insurance. Some of these reforms are short-term responses to the crisis, others are aimed at longer periods of time.

Romania - GDP

According to the latest statistics, Romania's GDP growth reached 3% in 2013, primarily due to exports and a good harvest.

By the end of 2013, Romania's GDP could reach 144 billion euros. This means that for the first time in the last 4 years of the crisis, the level of GDP will be higher than the GDP ratio recorded in the peak year of 2008.

GDP - Gross National Product is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy (within a country) during one year.

A very important indicator of the standard of living in a particular country in the world compared to GDP is the Gross Domestic Product, calculated per capita. Although Romania's GDP per capita has seen impressive growth over the past 20 years, it still represents only 50% of Europe's GDP per capita, as low as it was 20 years ago.

Romania's per capita GDP in 2011 is $10,500.

Experts say that Romania needs annual economic growth of 2-3% to get closer to the leading countries of Europe.

The unemployment rate in Romania has remained at 7.2% in the last 3 years. At the end of 2011, inflation fell to 3.1% compared to last year's figure.

Romania - salaries

The minimum wage in Romania remains one of the smallest, 179 euros, ranking second to last in Europe and ahead only of Bulgaria (159 euros). The first places in Europe in terms of minimum wages are occupied by Luxembourg (1874 euros) and Belgium (1502 euros)

Romania – average salary 365 euros (June 2013)

Romania – average pension (September, 2013) – 180 euros.

There are currently about 5.4 million pensioners in Romania.

In Romania there are 16.68 disabled citizens (age between 15 and 74 years), of which 9.26 are active in the labor market and 6.72 are not working, about 700 thousand are registered as unemployed.

About 3 million Romanian citizens work abroad.

Industry of Romania

The leading places are occupied by mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and the woodworking industry. The industry of Romania produces equipment for the oil industry, metalworking machines, and electrical products. The chemical industry is very important, which has a base in the form of reserves of oil, natural gas, rock salt, and wood.

The woodworking industry in Romania produces parquet, plywood, wood, furniture, and houses.

Light industry: shoes, knitwear, carpets.

Food industry: wines, salt, canned food, cheeses, meat products, vegetable oil.

Romania - agriculture

Romania is a country where agriculture occupies a very important place in the country's economy. During socialism Romania received the name “barn of Europe”. Main grains: wheat, corn, barley, oats, rye. Among other crops, sunflower stands out, the harvest of which ranks third in Romania in the world, as well as sugar beets and potatoes. Romania will take 5th place in Europe and 10th place in the world in terms of vineyard area. At the foot of the Carpathians there are orchards with apple trees, pears and plums; in the south of the country watermelons, melons, peaches and apricots grow.

Livestock farming, in particular sheep breeding, is highly developed in Romania.

Romania - tourism

Romania is one of the most diverse tourist countries, thanks to its natural resources and flora and fauna unique in Europe. Romania is a country where agritourism has enormous potential. In Romania, the Carpathians occupy 31% of the country's territory, the Black Sea coast extends for 245 km, there is a reserve of the Danube Delta - a kingdom of untouched nature, a third of the mineral waters of Europe and 117 settlements with natural therapeutic elements such as water, mud, thermal lakes, salt, etc. . And not least, the rich cultural treasure, the UNESCO Patrimony includes 30 monuments, such as the unique painted monasteries of Bukovina, the wooden churches of Maramures, the castles and fortresses of Transylvania. And of course, interesting and well-preserved traditions and customs.

Despite this, unfortunately, so far the share of tourism as a percentage of Romania's GDP is only 2.1%, lower than the world average of 5.2%.

Romania - export.

In the first 6 months of 2013, Romania had its best exports in 20 years. If previously other countries bought work in progress from Romania, now 75% of exports are finished products, including electronics and high technology. In recent years, Romanian industry has also been changing its export partners; countries with rapidly developing economies predominate.

After Romania's exports amounted to 42 billion euros last year, analysts are optimistic about the future, arguing that the growth in exports is not an accident but a long-term trend.

Romanian exports: cars (Dacia, Ford and their partners), spare parts, machine tools and engineering, furniture, electronics, household appliances, raw materials, food products, chemical products, telephones, etc. Exports are getting better and better, but economic experts say that Romania has every opportunity to increase its export volume to even 150 billion euros. An example is Hungary, a country with 9 million inhabitants exports 100 billion euros. Data show that commercial ties with countries outside the European Union have increased: exports of Romanian goods to India increased by 40%, to Russia by 33%, and to China by 17%. So far, imports slightly exceed exports, but perhaps by the end of 2013 there will be a balance for the first time since the 1989 Revolutions.

guide to Romania Eduard

Climate. Transitional from temperate oceanic Western Europe to continental Eastern Europe, with hot summers and cold winters; most precipitation falls in summer. The average January temperature is -1...-5 o C, July +16...+23 o C. In the east, on plains and hilly hills, precipitation falls from 450-550 mm per year, in the west - up to 600-700 mm , on the windward slopes of the mountains 1200-1400 mm. Average annual precipitation is 637 mm (in the northwest - 800-1000 mm, in the southeast - 300-400 mm). In summer there are frequent heavy showers and thunderstorms. Autumn in most areas is mild and long, winter is snowy only in the mountains, and in summer there are approximately 2,300 hours of sun on the Black Sea coast. Average annual temperatures range from +8 o C in the north to +11 o C in the south of the country. Temperatures in the mountains are mild; summers are cooler in the upper parts of the Transylvanian basins, and winters are very cold and snowy. The plains of Moldova and Dobrudzha are dry, in some places reminiscent of the steppe. They are exposed to strong winds that blow from the East European Plain. The Eastern, Southern and Romanian mountain ranges of the Carpathians distribute temperatures and precipitation between individual parts of Romania, and primarily between the plains and the Carpathian mountain system. Winter on the plains is short, with little snow and relatively warm, but northeastern and northern winds sometimes bring frosty air here and temperatures drop sharply. In spring there are often heavy rains. Summers are hot and dry, and the long autumn is usually warm, clear and windless. Precipitation brought by westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean is intercepted by the Carpathian Mountains. Therefore, the western and central regions of the country receive sufficient moisture for the development of agricultural crops, while the southern and eastern regions are subject to frequent droughts. Relief. The territory of Romania is characterized by an approximately equal combination of mountainous, hilly and flat terrain. The Carpathian Mountains, which dominate the center of Romania, with 14 mountain ranges, run through the entire territory of the country, from the border with Ukraine to the border with Serbia. In the northern and central regions of Romania there are the Eastern Carpathians (maximum altitude over 2000 m) and the Southern Carpathians, forming a ring-shaped structure in plan; in the west - the mid-altitude Western Romanian (Apuseni) mountains. Between them and the Carpathians is the Transylvanian Plateau. On the outer side, a strip of foothills (hills) stretches along the Carpathians. In the south is the Lower Danube Plain, bounded by the Danube River, in the west is the Western Plain, part of the Middle Danube Plain. To the east of the Siret River is the Moldavian Plateau, in the southeast beyond the Danube is the Dobrudzha Plateau, bounded by the sharply sloping Black Sea coast. Hydrography. Surface waters. The country's rivers belong to the Danube basin, which flows from west to east along the border with Bulgaria at a distance of 1075 km. The main tributaries are Prut (716 km), Siret (598 km), Arges (344 km), Olt (736 km), Timis (383 km), Mures (760 km), etc. There are more than 2 thousand lakes; the largest are the estuaries of the Black Sea (Razelm 415 km 2, Sinoe 171 km 2). Almost all the country's rivers originate in the Carpathian Mountains. The groundwater. In a number of structures (Moldavian Plateau, Transylvanian Basin, Carpathian Orogen) groundwater is developed, serving as the main source of water supply. Aquatic biological resources. The rivers are rich in fish: pike, sturgeon, salmon, perch, eel, carp. Trout and grayling are found in mountain rivers. About 150 species of fish live in the Lower Danube and the waters of the Delta, of which 30 are found only in the Delta. Vegetation. Below 600 m, the forests give way to a zone of tall grass (semi-steppe zone), which borders a zone of short grass (steppe), extending along the Danube and extending north into Moldavia and south into Dobruja. The Lower Danube plain and the Dobrudzha plateau were previously covered by steppes, which are now completely plowed. Forest-steppe vegetation predominates on the Moldavian Upland. In the highlands (over 1500 m) there are subalpine meadows. Forest resources. Forests occupy 1/3 of the country's territory. More than 1/4 of the forested area is occupied by valuable coniferous forests, among which spruce and fir predominate. In the foothills (up to 500 m) oaks and beeches grow; in the Carpathians (up to 1200-1400 m) - beech forests, higher - spruce and fir forests. Coniferous forests are located in the upper zone of the mountains at altitudes of 600-1800 m, below there is a zone of beech forests, and in the lowest zone there are forests of oak, hornbeam, and birch. Soils. In the lowlands, chernozem soils predominate; in the foothills and hilly areas, in place of cleared deciduous forests, there are brown forest soils; higher up in the forest zone, low-fertile mountain forest soils such as podzols are common; along the river valleys there are alluvial and swampy-peaty soils. The soils of the mountainous regions are infertile and highly alkaline, with the exception of Transylvania, where there are rich black soils. In the lowlands, fertile soils, similar in composition to chernozems, are the basis of arable land, accounting for about 44% of the territory of the entire country. Agriculture. Mountain areas are suitable only for grazing; hills and plateaus are favorable for all types of agriculture; Lowlands are most suitable for growing grain crops. Cultivated lands cover 43.5% of the country's territory, pastures - 21%. The vineyards are located mainly on the Transylvanian plateau, in the foothills of the Carpathians and Dobruja. Fruit orchards are located mainly in the southern foothills of the Carpathians, on the Dobrudzha plateau and in the Danube delta. The main livestock raising areas are the southern foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, the southwestern part of the Transylvanian Plateau and the northern part of the Carpathian Mountains. Sheep farming is developed in the southeast, and pig farming in the south (from Banat to Bucharest). Animal husbandry. Poultry farming, cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding. Plant growing. They grow wheat, rice, rye, barley, corn, rapeseed, soybeans, sugar beets, sunflowers, potatoes, plums, apples, pears, cherries, apricots, and grapes.

Regions of Romania

Bihor County.
Located in the Transylvania region.

Information sources:

1. Directory "Countries of the World". "Slavic House of Books", Moscow, 2004

Romania's coal mining industry has remained a problem for all governments in the country since 1990. The fact is that Romanian mines produce brown coal, which is not in demand not only abroad, but also in Romania itself. The cost of its production is several times higher than its market price. So the government has to heavily subsidize coal mining.

Another important industry is the chemical industry, which has a sufficient raw material base in the form of oil reserves, natural gas, rock salt, sulfur-containing raw materials, and wood. The leading role in the development of this industry belongs to petrochemistry, where the production of polymers (plastics, synthetic rubber and fibers, detergents and various intermediate products) is concentrated in large plants. The production of mineral fertilizers has also been developed, especially nitrogen fertilizers, in the production of which natural gas is widely used, and inorganic chemicals, primarily chlorine-soda products. Romania exports nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic rubber, rubber products, soda, varnishes, paints and other products to other countries.

The wood products industry, which once produced primarily lumber, now produces plywood, parquet, wood-based panels, furniture, prefabricated homes, sports equipment and musical instruments that are in demand in global markets. Light industry exports garments, shoes, knitwear, carpets and other consumer goods; food - canned food, grape wines, salt, vegetable oil, cheeses and meat products.

Agricultural lands occupy more than 3/5 of the country's territory (15 million hectares), with arable land predominating. The leading branch of crop production is grain farming. The main grains are: wheat - the most important food crop (occupies mainly the more fertile chernozem soils in the lowlands) and corn - the main forage crop (widespread in agricultural areas).

Among other grains, barley is sown in significant quantities, and oats and rye are sown in small quantities in mountainous regions. A new crop is rice, cultivated in the south in the floodplains.

The most notable industrial crops are sunflower, for which Romania ranks third in the world in harvests, and sugar beets.

Among the various mineral resources, there are reserves of natural gas - methane, which lies in the depths of the Transylvanian Plateau. Large deposits of rock salt are also found here. In the spurs of the mountains, many deposits of non-ferrous metals will increase.

economy of romania dove, economy of romania
All data is for 2011-12 unless otherwise stated.
Unless otherwise stated, all figures are in US dollars.

Romania- an industrial-agrarian country, traditionally characterized by a relatively low level of economic development, especially in comparison with other members of the CMEA and the European Union. Romania's economy is the 11th largest in terms of GDP among EU countries, but its GDP per capita is approximately 46% of the European average. The main problem of the modern capitalist-oriented economy of Romania is the extremely low share of formal employment of the population: in 2013, of its almost 20 million inhabitants, only about 5 million contributed part of their labor income to state insurance funds. The rest were pensioners, children, unemployed; some were engaged in subsistence farming or were employed in the informal sector, living off income from earnings abroad.

• 1. History
  • 1.1 Socialist Romania
  • 1.2 Post-socialist Romania
    • 1.2.1 Dynamics of GDP growth
• 2 Employment and unemployment
• 3 Industry
  • 3.1 Extractive industry
  • 3.2 Manufacturing industry
• 4 Agriculture
• 5 Service sector
• 6 Standard of living
• 7 Links
• 8 Notes

Story

Building the economy of independent Romania on a nominally capitalist basis did not solve its problems: until World War II, Romania remained a poor agricultural country, which is why the ideas of unification with Romania remained unpopular among its neighboring peoples.

Socialist Romania

After World War II, the Romanian economy was restructured along a socialist path. Industry was nationalized, land reform was carried out, and a state monopoly on foreign trade was introduced. In 1949, Romania became one of the co-founders of the CMEA, from that time its economy developed according to five-year plans, in these plans priority was given to industrialization. During Soviet times, one of the main problems of the Romanian economy was the rapidly growing external debt, which brought the country closer to the problematic countries of Latin America and the Mediterranean. However, it was offset by full employment and comprehensive education.

Post-socialist Romania

With the fall of socialism in 1989, a market restructuring of the economy began. In fact, the national economy was destroyed and never recovered. One of the consequences of this process was a decline in production and a drop in living standards (in particular, in 2011, 40.0% of the Romanian population teetered on the brink of poverty). However, accession to the EU and liberalization of the exit regime made it possible to relieve tension in the labor market: over two million citizens left its territory in 1990-2013. In addition, capital from foreign companies from Italy, Germany, Austria came to the country, and after joining NATO, also help from the United States. In 2006, Romania's GDP reached the level of 1988. However, the crisis of 2009-2010 again set the country back. The economy has resumed modest growth, mainly due to increased exports of goods to Russia, whose economic growth rate is higher than that of the EU. In 2012, Romania sent 33% of its exports to the Russian Federation, which was the result of the success of one non-Romanian auto company.

GDP growth dynamics

Year	GDP million US dollars	GDP growth (%)
2007	246 750	+6,317
2008	270 056	+7,349
2009	254 240	−6,576
2010	-	−1,149
2011	-	+2,158
2012	-	+0,689
2013*	-	+1,997
2014*	-	+2,156

Employment and unemployment

The unemployment rate in October 2013 was 7.3%, which was significantly lower than in the EU (10.9%) and the Eurozone (12.1%) as a whole. In 2013, of its nearly 20 million residents, only about 5 million contributed part of their labor income to state insurance funds. The rest were pensioners, children, unemployed; some were engaged in subsistence farming or were employed in the informal sector, living off income from earnings abroad. For comparison, in 1988 the employment rate reached 73%. In the long term, Romania's rapidly declining population will have a negative impact on its economic development.

Industry

Mining industry

Romania produces oil, natural gas, gold, silver, salt, bauxite, manganese ore, and coal.

Natural gas is produced on the Transylvanian Plateau and at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains. Brown coal is mined near Craiova and Ploesti in south-central Romania. Coal is mined in Comanesti in the northeast and near Cluj in the northwest.

Oil production

Oil production is carried out mainly near the Carpathians (oil fields of Ploesti).

Manufacturing industry

The cities of Ploiesti, Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej, Darmanesti, Brasov and Ramnicul Sarat have the largest oil refineries. Metallurgy is concentrated in the west (in the area between Hunedoara and Timisoara) and in the southeast (Galaţi-Brăila).

There are shipbuilding factories in Braila and Galati near the Danube Delta.

Agriculture

About 70% of arable land is occupied by wheat (3.04 million tons) and corn (3.85 million tons). Other important crops are potatoes (3.71 million tons), sugar beets and sunflowers.

The vineyards are located mainly on the Transylvanian plateau, in the foothills of the Carpathians and Dobruja. Fruit orchards are located mainly in the southern foothills of the Carpathians, on the Dobrudzha plateau and in the Danube delta. Mainly plums and apples are grown (0.47 million tons). Pears, cherries and apricots are also grown.

About 1/5 of the country's territory is pasture. The main livestock raising areas are the southern foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, the southwestern part of the Transylvanian Plateau and the northern part of the Carpathian Mountains. Sheep farming is developed in the southeast, and pig farming in the south (from Banat to Bucharest).

Services sector

55% of GDP comes from the service sector. The financial and business sector accounts for 20.5%; hotels, restaurants and transport - 25%, other areas - 21.7%.

Standard of living

The strength of the Romanian economy varies from region to region. GDP per capita is higher in the capital of the country - Bucharest. There are also significant economic differences between urban and rural areas and between western and eastern regions.

Links

• Romania in the CIA World Country Directory
• Military industry of Romania

Notes

1. UNdata | record view | Per capita GDP at current prices - US dollars.
2. 1 2 Romania’s population falls by 12% as three million flock to richer European countries | Mail Online.
3. Romania will demand 2 billion euros from Russia for the gold reserves transferred in 1916 | News and Events | News and articles | Maanimo
4. 1 2 Economist: Neither the EU nor the CU can prove their advantage to Ukraine - Russian News - REGNUM news agency
5. The poorest EU countries were Bulgaria, Romania and Latvia | News. News of the day on the website Details.
6. Romania’s economy returns to pre-crisis levels: PM - BUSINESS - Globaltimes.cn.
7. New Eurostat website - Eurostat
8. http://www.standard.money.ro/articol_111865/dupa_douazeci_de_ani__economia_romaniei_in_1989.html

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